Cardiovascular risk
anthropometric, clinical and dietary markers in HIV-infected persons
Keywords:
Anthropometric, Diet, Cardiovascular diseases, HIV, Primary preventionAbstract
Objective
This study described the anthropometric, clinical and dietary markers associated with cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected persons.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was done with 100 adults with HIV/Aids from Rio de Janeiro City. The cardiovascular risk was estimated by the Framingham risk score. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Variables were compared by the Student’s t- and chi-square tests.
Results
Most of the patients were males (63%) with a mean age of 41.8 years, SD=9.6 years and 77% were taking
antiretroviral drugs. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 52%, overweight, 47%, and 53%
had a Framingham risk score >10%. The main cardiovascular risk factors potentially modifiable were: low
high-density lipoprotein (70%), high cholesterol (35%), hypertension (35%), smoking (23%) and high blood
glucose level (21%). Persons with Framingham risk score >10% had a tendency to consume diets high in
cholesterol (p=0.720), sodium (p=0.898), sugar/sugary foods (p=0.032) and low in fiber (p=0.273), and
consumed more alcoholic beverages (p=0.053). Lifestyle assessment revealed higher smoking prevalence and
low levels of physical activity in the group with Framingham risk score >10, but the differences were not
significant.
Conclusion
The results of this study show that patients with HIV/Aids under the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and
higher Framingham risk score do not follow the recommendations for the primary prevention of cardiovascular
diseases, reinforcing the need of encourag
References
Jerico C, Knobel H, Montero M, Ordoñez-Llanos J, Guelar A, Gimeno JL, et al. Metabolic Syndrome among HIV-infected patients. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28(1):132-7.
Crum-Cianflone N, Tejidor R, Medina S, Barahona I, Ganesan A. Obesity among patients with HIV: the latest epidemic. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008; 22(12):925-30.
Jaime PC, Florindo AA, Latorre MRDO, Brasil BG, Santos ECM, Segurado AAC. Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade abdominal em indivíduos portadores de HIV/AIDS, em uso de terapia anti-retroviral de alta potência. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2004; 7(1): 65-72.
Leite LHM, Sampaio ABMM. Metabolic abnormalities and overweight in HIV/AIDS persons treated with antiretroviral therapy. Rev Nutr. 2008; 21(3): 277-83. doi: 10.1590/S1415-52732008.000300 002.
Wand H, Calmy A, Carey DL, Samaras K, Carr A, Law MG, et al. Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. AIDS. 2007; 21(18):2445-53.
Calza L, Manfredi R, Pocaterra D, Chiodo F. Risk of premature atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease associated with infection and antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2008; 57(1):16-32.
Hadigan C. Dietary habits and their association with abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virusrelated lipodystrophy. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 37(Suppl 2):S101-S4.
Jaime PC, Florindo AA, Latorre MR, Segurado AA. Central obesity and dietary intake in HIV/AIDS patients. Rev Saúde Pública. 2006; 40(4):634-40.
Duran ACFL, Almeida LB, Segurado AAC, Jaime PC. Diet Quality of persons living HIV/AIDS on highy active antiretroviral therapy. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2008; 21(4):346-50.
Fitch KV, Anderson EJ, Hubbard JL, Carpenter SJ, Waddell WR, Caliendo AM, et al. Effects of a lifestyle modification program in HIV-infected patients with metabolic syndrome. AIDS. 2006; 20(14):1843-50.
Engelson ES, Agin D, Kenya S, Werber-Zion G, Luty B, Albu JB, et al. Body composition and metabolic effects of a diet and exercise weight loss regimen on obese, HIV-infected women. Metabolism. 2006; 55(10):1327-36.
Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e prevenção da aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007; 88(Supl. 1):2-19.
American Heart Association. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006; 114(1): 82-96
Lundgren JD, Battergay M, Behrens G, De Wit S, Guaraldi G, Katlama C, et al. European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS). Guidelines on the prevention and management of metabolic diseases in HIV. HIV Med. 2008; 9(2):72-81.
Escore de risco de Framingham revisado. [acesso 2008 set. 10]. Disponível em: <http://dtr2004.saude.gov.br/dab/cnhd/score_framingham/framingham.php>.
Hendricks KM, Tang A, Spiegelman D, Skinner S, Woods M. Dietary intake in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults: a comparison of dietary assessment methods. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105(4):532-40.
Sichieri R, Everhart JE. Validity of a Brazilian food questionnaire against dietary recalls and estimated energy intake. Nutr Res. 1998; 18(10):1649-59.
Guia alimentar para a população brasileira. [acesso 2008 jul 5]. Disponível em:<http://nutricao.saude.gov.br/guia_conheca.php>
Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes. Washington (DC): National Academic Press; 2002.
Internacional Physical Activity Questionnaire. Short form (IPAQ, 2003). [cited 2008 Jan 10]. Available from:<http://ww.calwic.org.docs/wwt/walk_activity_questionnaire.pdf>
Fichtenbaum CJ. metabolic abnormalities associated with hiv infection and antiretroviral therapy. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2009; 11(1):84-92
Polo R, Galindo JM, Martínez E, Alvarez J, Arévalo JM, Asensi V, et al. Study Group for Metabolic Alterations/Secretariat for the National AIDS Plan (GEAM/SPNS). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006; 24(2):96-117.
Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, Appel LJ, Brass LM, Bushnell CD, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Circulation. 2006; 113(24):873-923.
Bergersen BM, Sandvik L, Bruun JN, Tonstad S. Elevated Framingham risk score in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: results from a Norwegian study of 721 subjects. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004; 23(8):625-30
Hendricks KM, Barrentine JE, Houser RF, Wanke CA. Adherence to the American heart association dietary guidelines by individuals living with HIV infection. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006; 106(8):A-30.
Arendt BM, Aghdassi E, Mohammed SS, Fung LY, Jalali P, Salit IE, et al. Dietary intake and physical activity in Canadian populations sample of male with HIV infection and metabolic abnormalities. Curr HIV Res. 2008; 6(1):82-90.
Salyer J, Lyon DE, Settle J, Elswick RK, Rackley D. Coronary heart disease risks and lifestyle behaviors in persons with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2006; 17(3):3-17.
O´Keefe JH, Gheeewala NM, O´Keefe JO. Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51(3):249-55.
Drouillet P, Balkau B, Charles MA, Vol S, Bedouet M, Ducimitière P. Calcium consumption and insulin resistance syndrome parameters. Data from the epidemiological study on the insulin resistance (DESIR). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006; 17(7): 486-92.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Luísa Helena Maia LEITE, Ana Beatriz de Mattos Marinho SAMPAIO
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
