BETA - CAROTENE AND CANCER
Keywords:
nutritional epidemiology, chemoprevention, neoplasms, experimental carcinogens, carotenoids, beta-caroteneAbstract
The subject β-carotene and cancer has been studied for more than twenty years, through epidemiologic and experimental researches.Observational epidemiologic studies, both prospective and retrospective, have suggested strongly that high intake of vegetables and fruits which are sources of β-carotene is associated with reduced risk of cancer, specially of lung cancer. However, the results of intervention trials do not demonstrate a preventive potential of β-carotene. Nevertheless, in many studies in experimental animals and in cell cultures, this carotenoid had been shown to act as a potent cancer chemopreventive agent
and mechanisms have been proposed to explain this protective effect on biological systems. Researchers suggest that β-carotene protects against cancer, in the amounts easily attained by the consumption of a wide variety of diets, and the chronic pharmacological supplementation is not recommended for healthy populations and for heavy smokers.
References
ACEVEDO, P., BERTRAM, J .S. Liarozole potentiates the cancer chemopreventive activity of and the upregulation of gap junctional communication and connexin 43 expression by retinoic acid and β-carotene in 10T1/2 cells. Carcinogenesis, London, v.16, n.9, p.2215-2222, 1995.
ALABASTER, O.,TANG, Z.C., FROST, A., SHIVAPURKAR, N. Effect of β-carotene and bran fiber on colonic aberrant crypt and tumor formation in rats exposed to azoxymethane and high dietary fat. Carcinogenesis , London, v.16, n.1, p.127-132, 1995.
ALBANES, D., HEINONEN , O.P., HUTTUNEN , J.K., TAYLOR , P.R., VIRTAMO, J., EDWARDS, B.K, HAAPAKOSKI, J., RAUTALAHTI, M., HARTMAN, A.M., PALMGREN, J., GREENWALD, P. Effects of a-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.62, Supplement 6, p.1427S-1430S, 1995.
ALBERTS, D.S., GARCIA, D.J. An overview of clinical cancer chemoprevention studies with emphasis on positive phase III studies. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.125, Supplement 3, p.692S-697S, 1995.
ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, beta carotene cancer prevention study group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in males mokers. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v.330, n.15, p.1029-1035, 1994.
AMES, B.N. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Science, Washington DC, v.221, n.4617, p.1256-1263,1983.
APPEL, M.J., WOUTERSEN, R.A. Effects of dietary β-carotene and selenium on initiation and promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis in azaserine-treated rats. Carcinogenesis, London, v.17, n.7, p.1411-1416, 1996.
ASTORG, P., GRADELET, S., BERGÈS, R., SUSCHETET, M. No evidence for an inhibitory effect of β-carotene or of canthaxanthin on the initiation of liver preneoplastic foci by diethylnitrosamine in the rat. Nutrition and Cancer, Philadelphia, v.25, n.1, p.27-34, l996.
BENDICH, A. Carotenoids and the immune response. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.119, n.1, p.112-115, 1989.
BENDICH, A. Recents advances in clinical research involving carotenoids. Pure and Applied Chemistry, London, v.66, n.5, p.1017-1024, 1994.
BERTRAM, J.S., KOLONEL, L.N., MEYSKENS Jr., F.L. Rationale and strategies for chemoprevention of cancer in humans. Cancer Research, Chicago, v.47, p.3012-3031, 1987.
BERTRAM, J.S. The chemoprevention of cancer by dietary carotenoids: studies in mouse and human cells. Pure and Applied Chemistry, London, v.66, n.5, p.1025-1032, 1994.
BEYER, E.C., PAUL, D.L., GOODENOUGH, D.A. Connexin family of gap junction protein. Journal of Membrane Biology, New York, v.116, p.187-194, 1990.
BLOCK, G., PATTERSON, B., SUBAR, A. Fruits, vegetables, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutrition and Cancer, Philadelphia, v.18, n.1, p.1-29, 1992.
BLOCK, G., LANGSETH, L. Antioxidant vitamins and disease prevention. Food Technology, Chicago, v.48, n.7, p.80-84, 1994.
BLOT, W.J., LI, J.Y., TAYLOR, P.R., GUO, W., DAWSEY, S., WANG, G.Q., YANG, C.S., ZHENG, S.-F., GAIL, M., LI, G-Y., YU, Y., LIU, B-Q., TANGREA, J., SUN,Y-H., LIU, F., FRAUMENI Jr, J.F., ZHANG, Y-H., LI, B. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combination, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda, v.85, n.18, p.1483-1491, 1993.
BLOT, W.J., LI, J.Y., TAYLOR, P.R., GUO, W., DAWSEY, S.M., LI, B. The Linxian trials: mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.62, Supplement 6, p.1424S-1426S, 1995.
BRUCE, A. Dietary recommendations in cancer prevention. Annals of Clinical Research, Helsinki, v.19, n.5, p.313- 320, 1987.
BURRI, B.J. Beta-carotene and human health: a review of current research. Nutrition Research, Los Angeles, v.17, n.3, p.547-580, 1997.
BURTON, G.W. Antioxidant action of carotenoids. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.119, n.1, p.109-111, 1989.
CHEN, L-C., SLY, L., JONES, C.S., TARONE, R., De LUCA, L.M. Differential effects of dietary β-carotene on papilloma and carcinoma formation induced by na initiation - promotion protocol in SENCAR mouse skin. Carcinogenesis, London, v.14, n.4, p.713-717, 1993.
De LUCA, L.M. Retinoids and their receptors in diferentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. FASEB Journal, Bethesda, v.5, n.14, p.2924-2933, 1991.
De LUCA, L.M., ROSS, S.A. Beta-carotene increases lung cancer incidence in cigarette smokers. Nutrition Reviews, New York, v.54, n.6, p.178-180, 1996.
DOLL, R. Nature and nurture: possibilities for cancer control. Carcinogenesis, London, v.17, n.2, p.177-184, 1996.
EPSTEIN, J.H. Effects of β-carotene on ultraviolet induced cancer formation in the hairless mouse skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, Oxford, v.25, n.2, p.211-213, 1977.
ERDMAN Jr., J.W., RUSSELL, R.M., ROCK, C.L., BARUA, A.B., BOWEN, P.E., BURRI, B.J., CURRAN-CELENTANO, J., FURR, H., MAYNE, S.T., STACEWICZ-SAPUNTZAKIS, M. Beta-carotene and the carotenoids: beyond the intervention trials. Nutrition Reviews, New York, v.54, n.6, p.1185-1188, 1996.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. Requirements of vitamin A, iron, folate and vitamin B12. Rome, 1988. (FAO Food and Nutrition Series, 23).
FARBER, E., SARMA, D.S.R. Hepatocarcinogenesis: a dynamic cellular perspective. Laboratory Investigation, Washington DC, v.56, n.1, p.4-22, 1987.
FREUDENHEIM, J.L. A review of study designs and methods of dietary assessment in nutritional epidemiology of chronic disease. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.123, n.2, p.401-405, 1993.
GAREWAL, H.S., SHAMDAS, G.J. Intervention trials with beta-carotene in precancerous conditions of the upper aerodigestive tract. In: BENDICH, A., BUTTERWORTH Jr., C.E., (Ed). Micronutrients in health and in desease prevention. New York : Marcel Dekker, 1991. p.127-140.
GAREWAL, H.S. Antioxidants in oral cancer prevention. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.62, Supplement 6, p.1410S-1416S, 1995.
GERSTER, H. β-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C in different stages of experimental carcinogenesis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, London, v.49, p.155-168, 1995.
GIJARE, P.S., RAO, K.V.K., BHIDG, S.V. Modulatory effects of snuff, retinoic acid, and β-carotene on DMBA - induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis in relation to keratin expression. Nutrition and Cancer, Philadelphia, v.14, n.3-4, p.253-259, 1990.
HARRIS, C.C. Chemical and physical carcinogenesis: advances and perspectives for the 1990s. Cancer Research, Chicago, v.51, Supplement 18, p.5023S-5044S, 1991.
HAVAS, S., HEIMENDINGER, J., REYNOLDS, K., BARANOWSKI, T., NICKLAS, T.A., BISHOP, D., BULLER, D., SORENSEN, G., BERESFORD, S.A.A.,
COWAN, A., DAMRON, D. A day for better health: a new research initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.94, n.1, p.32-36, 1994.
HE, L., MO, H., HADISUSILO, S., QURESHI, A.A., ELSON, C.E. Isoprenoids supress the grouth of murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.127, p.668-674, 1997.
HENNEKENS, C.H., BURING, J.E., MANSON, J.E., STAMPFER, M., ROSNER, B., COOK, N.R., BELANGER,C., LaMOTTE, F., GAZIANO, J.M.,
RIDKER, P.M.,WILLETT, W., PETO, R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v.334, n.18, p.1145-1149, 1996.
HUNT, J.R. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vitamin and mineral supplementation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.96, n.1, p.73-77, 1996.
IFTIKHAR, S., LIETZ, H., MOBARHAN, S., FROMMEL, T.O. In vitro β-carotene toxicity for human colon cancer cells. Nutrition and Cancer, Philadelphia, v.25, n.3, p.221-230, 1996.
KRINSKY, N.I. Effects of carotenoids in cellular and animal systems. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.53, n.1, p.238S-246S, 1991.
KRINSKY, N.I. Micronutrients and their influence on mutagenicity and malignant transformation. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, New York, v.686, p.229-242, 1993a.
KRINSKY, N.I. Actions of carotenoids in biological systems. Annual Review of Nutrition, Palo Alto, v.13, p.561-587, 1993b.
KRINSKY, N.I. The biological properties of carotenoids. Pure and Applied Chemistry, London, v.66, n.5, p.1003-1010, 1994.
KRUTOVSKIKH, V.A., MESNIL, M., MAZZOLENI, G., YAMASAKI, H. Inhibition of rat liver gap junction intercellular communication by tumor-- promotingagentsinvivo. Laboratory Investigation, Washington DC, v.72, n.5, p.571-577, 1995.
LI, J-Y., TAYLOR, P.R., LI, B., DAWSEY, S., WANG, G-Q., ERSHOW, A.G., GUO, W., LIU, S-F., YANG, C.S., SHEN, Q., WANG, W., MARK, S.D., ZOU, X-N., GREENWALD, P., WU, Y-P., BLOT, W.J. Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian,China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease - specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, v.85, n.18, p.1492-1498, 1993.
MALONE, W.F. Studies evaluating antioxidants and β-carotene as chemopreventives. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.53, n.1, p.305S-313S, 1991. Supplement.
MANGELS, A.R., HOLDEN, J.M., BEECHER, G.R., FORMAN, M.R., LANZA, E. Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Chicago, v.93, n.3, p.284-296, 1993.
MANGELSDORF, D.J. Vitamin A receptors. Nutrition Reviews, New York, v.52, n.2 (Part 2), p.S32-S44, 1994.
MATHEWS-ROTH, M.M. Carotenoids and cancer prevention: experimental and epidemiological studies. Pure and Applied Chemistry, London, v.57, n.5, p.717-722, l985.
MATHEWS-ROTH, M.M., KRINSKY, N.I. Carotenoids affect development of UV-B induced skin cancer. Photochemistry and Photobiology, Oxford, v.46, n.4, p.507-509, 1987.
MAYNE, S.T. Beta-carotene, carotenoids, and disease prevention in humans. FASEB Journal , Bethesda, v.10, n.7, p.690-701, 1996.
MOON, R.C. Comparative aspects of carotenoids and retinoids as chemopreventive agents for cancer. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.119, n.1, p.127-134, 1989.
MORENO , F.S., RIZZI, M.B.S.L., DAGLI, M.L.Z., PENTEADO, M.C.V. Inhibitory effects of β-carotene on preneoplastic lesions induced in wistar rats by the resistant hepatocyte model. Carcinogenesis , London, v.12, n.10, p.1817-1822, 1991.
MORENO, F.S., WU, T.-S., PENTEADO, M.C.V., RIZZI, M.B.S.L., JORDÃO Jr., A.A., ALMEIDA-MURADIAN, L.B., DAGLI, M.L.Z. A comparision of β-carotene and vitamin A effects on a hepatocarcinogenesis model. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Bern, v.65, p.87-94, 1995a.
MORENO, F.S., ROSSIELLO, M.R., MANJESHWAR, S., NATH, R., RAO, P.M., RAJALAKSHMI, S., SARMA, D.S.R. Effect of β-carotene on expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in rat liver. Cancer Letters, Shanon, v.96, p.201-208, 1995b.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (USA). Recommended Dietary Allowances. 10. ed. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989. p.78-92.
NISHINO, H. Cancer chemoprevention by natural carotenoids and their related compounds. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, New York, Supplement 22, p.231S-235S, 1995.
OLSON, J.A. Absorption, transport, and metabolism of carotenoids in humans. Pure and Applied Chemistry, London, v.66, n.5, p.1011-1016, 1994.
OLSON, J.A. Benefits and liabilities of vitamin A and carotenoids. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.126, Supplement 4, p.1208S-1212S, 1996.
OMENN, G.S., GOODMAN, G.E., THORNOUIST, M. D., BALMES, J., CULLEN, M. R., GLASS, A., KEOGH, J.P, MEYSKENS Jr., F.L., VALANIS, B., WILLIAMS Jr., J.H., BARNHART, S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, v.334, n.18, p.1150-1155, 1996.
PALOZZA, P., LUBERTO, C., CALVIELLO, G., RICCI, P., BARTOLI, C.M. Antioxidant and prooxidant role of β-carotene in murine normal and tumor thymocytes: effects of oxygen partial pressure. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, New York,v.22, n.6, p.1065-1073, 1997.
PARKER, R.S. Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids. FASEB Journal, Bethesda, v.10, n.5, p.542-551, 1996.
PARKIN, D.M., PISANI, P., FERLAY, J. Estimates of the worldwide incidence of eighteen major cancers in 1985. International Journal of Cancer, Geneva, v.54, n.4, p.594-606, 1993.
PETO, R., DOLL, R., BUCKLEY, J.D., SPORN, M.B. Can dietary β-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature, London, v.290, n.5803, p.201-208, 1981.
PITOT, H.C., DRAGAN, Y.P. Chemical carcinogenesis. In: KLAASSEN,C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 5.ed. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1996. p.201-267.
PUNG, A., RUNDHAUG, E., YOSHIZAWA, C.N., BERTRAM, J.S. b-carotene and canthaxanthin inhibit chemically - and physically - induced neoplastic transformation in 10T1/2 cells.
Carcinogenesis, London, v.9, n.9, p.1533-1539, 1988. RIZZI, M.B.S.L., DAGLI, M.L.Z., JORDÃO Jr., A.A., PENTEADO, M.V.C., MORENO, F.S. β-carotene inhibits persistent and stimulates remodeling γGTpositive preneoplastic lesions during early promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, Bern, v.67, p.415-422, 1997.
RODRIGUEZ-AMAYA, D.B. Carotenoids and food preparation: the retention of provitamin a carotenoids in prepared, processed, and stored foods. Arlington : John Snow, 1997.
ROUSSEAU, E.J., DAVISON, A.J., DUNN, B. Protection by β-carotene and related compounds against oxygen-mediated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity: implications for carcinogenesis and anticarcinogenesis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, New York, v.13, n.4, p.407-433, 1992.
SARKAR, A., MUKHERJEE, B., CHATTERJEE, M. Inhibitory effect of β-carotene on chronic 2-acetylaminofluorene induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rat: reflection in hepatic drug metabolism. Carcinogenesis, London, v.15, n.5, p.1055-1060, 1994.
SHEKELLE, R.B., LIU, S., RAYNOR Jr., W.J., LEPPER, M., MALIZA, C., ROSSOF, A.H. Dietary vitamin A and risk of cancer in the Western Electric Study. Lancet, London, v.2, n.8257, p.1185-1189, 1981.
SICHIERI, R., LOLIO, C.A. de, CORREIA, V.R., EVERHART, J.E. Geographical patterns of proportionate mortality for the most common causes of death in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v.26, n.6, p.424-430, 1992.
STÄHELIN, H.B. Beta-carotene and cancer. British Journal of Clinical Practice, Hove, v.44, p.543-545, 1990.
STÄHELIN, H.B., GEY, K.F., EICHHOLZER, M., LÜDIN, E. β-Carotene and cancer prevention: the Basel Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.53, Supplement 1, p.265S-269S,1991.
STICH, H.F., DUNN, B.P. Relationship between cellular levels of beta-carotene and sensitivity to genotoxic agents. International Journal of Cancer, Geneva, v.38, n.5, p.713-717, 1986.
STICH, H.F., ROSIN, M.P., HORNBY, A.P., MATHEW, B., SANKARANARAYANAN, R., NAIR, M.K. Remission of oral leukoplakias and micronuclei in tobacco/betel quid chewers treated with beta-carotene and with beta-carotene plus vitamin A. International Journal of Cancer, Geneva, v.42, n.2, p.195-199, 1988.
SUDA, D., SCHWARTZ, J., SHKLAR, G. Inhibition of experimental oral carcinogenesis by topical beta carotene. Carcinogenesis, London, v.7, n.5, p.711-715, l986.
THOMAS, J.A. Oxidative stress, oxidative defense, and dietary constituintes. In: SHILS, M.E., OLSON, J.A., SHIKE, M. (ed). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 8.ed. Philadelphia : Lea & Febiger, 1994. v.1. p.501-512.
VAN POPPEL, G. Carotenoids and cancer : an update with emphasis on human intervention studies. European Journal of Cancer, Oxford, v.29A, n.9, p.1335-1344, 1993.
VAN POPPEL, G., GOLDBOHM, R.A. Epidemiologic evidence for β-carotene and cancer prevention. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.62, Supplement 6, p.1393S-1402S, 1995.
VAN POPPEL, G. Epidemiological evidence for β- -carotene in prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, London, v.50, Supplement 3, p.57S-61S, 1996.
VAN VLIET, T. Absorption of β-carotene and other carotenoids in humans and animal models. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, London, v.50, Supplement 3, p.32S-37S, 1996.
WANG, X-D. Review: absorption and metabolism of βcarotene. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, NewYork, v.13, n.4, p.314-325, 1994.
ZHANG, L-X., COONEY, R.V., BERTRAM, J.S. Carotenoids enhance gap junctional communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in C3H/10T1/2 cells : relationship to their cancer chemopreventive action. Carcinogenesis, London, v.12, n.11, p.2109-2114, 1991.
ZHANG, L-X., COONEY, R.V., BERTRAM, J.S. Carotenoids up-regulate connexin 43 gene expression independent of their provitamin A or antioxidant properties. Cancer Research, Chicago,v.52, n.20, p.5707-5712, 1992.
ZIEGLER, R.G. A review of epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer. Journal of Nutrition, Philadelphia, v.119, n.1, p.116-122, 1989.
ZIEGLER, R.G. Vegetables, fruits, and carotenoids and the risk of cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Bethesda, v.53, Supplement 1, p.251S-259S, 1991.
ZIEGLER, R.G., SUBAR, A.F., CRAFT, N.E., URSIN, G., PATTERSON, B.H., GRAUBARD, B.I. Does β-carotene explain why reduced cancer risk is associated with vegetable and fruit intake? Cancer Research, Chicago, v.52, Supplement 7, p.2060S-2066S, 1992.
ZIEGLER, R.G., COLAVITO, E.A., HARTGE, P., McADAMS, M.J., SCHOENBERG, J.B., MASON,
T.J., FRAUMENI Jr., J.F. Importance of α-carotene, β-carotene,and other phytochemicals in the etiology of lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, v.88, n.9, p.612-615, 1996a.
ZIEGLER, R.G., MAYNE, S.T., SWANSON, C.A. Nutrition and lung cancer. Cancer Causes and Control, London,v.7, n.1, p.157-177, 1996b.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Margareth Veloso NAVES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
