Intervenções para reduzir a insegurança alimentar: uma síntese dos atuais conceitos e abordagens para a América Latina

Autores

  • Donald Diego ROSE Tulane University

Palavras-chave:

Segurança alimentar e nutricional, Renda, Programas e políticas de nutrição e alimentação, Vulnerabilidade

Resumo

A insegurança alimentar tem sido documentada em países de toda a gama de rendas nacionais, desde os países de mais baixa até os de mais alta renda. A maioria dos países latino-americanos, incluindo o Brasil, está no meio deste espectro. Embora as ações direcionadas aos problemas de insegurança alimentar precisem ser desenvolvidas de acordo com contextos específicos, lições valiosas para o êxito das intervenções podem ser aprendidas das experiências dos países de baixa e de alta renda. Este artigo descreve a segurança alimentar nos diferentes contextos nacionais. Os elementos básicos de segurança alimentar, incluindo a disponibilidade de alimentos, o acesso e a utilização são revisados, assim como os desenvolvimentos mais recentes na área, incluindo análises de subsistência, vulnerabilidade e estratégias de gestão de risco. É apresentada uma seleção das intervenções do sector público de segurança alimentar, que se destinam a melhorar a produção agrícola, a aumentar o nível de emprego e da renda familiar, ao desenvolvimento do capital humano e à distribuição de alimentos. Experiências internacionais recentes são utilizadas com o intuito de desenvolver temas para orientação desses tipos de intervenções de segurança alimentar na América Latina. Dentre as quais, se inclui: a importância de que os projetos de auxílio estejam em sinergia com o desenvolvimento em longo prazo, a adaptação das intervenções às necessidades dos contextos específicos e a expansão dos sistemas de informação para apoiar estas atividades. O artigo também descreve a necessidade de melhorar a segurança alimentar sem levar a um excesso de consumo, um problema cada vez mais preocupante, tanto na América Latina como em outros lugares. Finalmente, o desenvolvimento das capacidades locais a partir de ações comunitárias participativas é sugerido, como um meio para melhorar os resultados dos programas assim como assegurar os direitos humanos.

Referências

Food and Agriculture Organization. The state of food insecurity in the world. Eradicating world hunger: taking stock ten years after the World Food Summit. Rome: FAO; 2006.

The World Bank. Data downloaded from world development indicators quick query. [cited 2007 May 25]. Available from: <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext /DDPQQ/member.do?method=getMembers&userid=1&queryId=135>.

World Health Organization. WHO statistical information system: core health indicators. [cited 2007 May 30]. Available from: <http://www.who.int/whosis /database/core/core_select.cfm>.

Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome declaration on world food security. World Food Summit. Rome: FAO;1996.

Brown L, Gentilini U. The role of food-based safety nets in helping vulnerable households manage food insecurity: research paper nº 2006/111. Washington (DC): UNU-WIDER; 2006.

Sen A. Poverty and famines. An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1981.

Reutlinger S, van Holst Pellekaan J. Poverty and hunger: issues and options for food security in developing countries. WB Policy Study nº 9275. Washington (DC): The World Bank; 1986.

The World Bank. World development report 2000/2001. Attacking poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.

Chambers R. Vulnerability, coping, and policy. IDS Bulletin. 1989; 20(2):1-7.

Maxwell S, Frankenberger T. Household food security: concepts, indicators, measurement. A technical review. Rome: Unicef; 1992.

US Agency for International Development - Femine and Early Warning System. FEWS NET’S approach to livelihoods-based food security analysis. [cited 2007 Jun 3]. Available from: <http://www.fews.net/livelihoods/FNLBroch_en.pdf>.

Seaman J, Clarke P, Boudreau T, Holt J. The household economy approach: a resource manual for practitioners. London: Save the Children; 2000.

World Food Programme. Emergency food security assessment handbook. Rome: WFP; 2005.

Barrett C. Food aid as part of a coherent strategy to advance food security objectives. ESA Working Paper nº 06-09. Rome: FAO; 2006.

Devereux S. Policy options for increasing the contribution of social protection to food security. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies; 2003.

Webb P, Harinarayan A. A measure of uncertainty: The nature of vulnerability and its relationship to malnutrition. Disasters. 1999; 23(4):292-305.

Devereux S. Livelihood insecurity and social protection: a re-emerging issue in rural development. Dev Policy Rev. 2001; 19(4):507-19.

Lovendal CR, Knowles M. Tomorrow’s hunger: a framework for analyzing vulnerability to food insecurity. ESA working paper nº 05-07. Rome: FAO; 2005.

CARE. Managing risk, improving livelihoods: Program guidelines for conditions of chronic vulnerability. 2nd ed. Nairobi: CARE; 2003.

Von Braun J, Bouis H, Kumar S, Pandya-Lorch R. Improving food security of the poor: concept, policy, and programs. Washington (DC): International Food Policy Research Institute; 1992.

Haddad L, Frankenberger R. Integrating relief and development to accelerate reductions in food insecurity in shock-prone areas. Occasional paper nº 2. Washington (DC): US Agency for International Development; 2003.

Allen L. Interventions for micronutrient deficiency control in developing countries: past present and future. J Nutr. 2003; 133:3875S-8S.

World Bank. International Food Policy Research Institute. Agriculture and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Report nº 32729-GLB. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2006.

Levine S, Chastre C, et al. Missing the point: an analysis of food security interventions in the Great Lakes: Humanitarian Practice Network paper nº 47. London: Overseas Development Institute; 2004.

CARE. The aftermath of Hurricane Mitch: how CARE is responding. Relief Web Dec; 1999 [cited 2007 Jun 6]. Available from: <http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/0/daa40ac7066f83c085256810007a991e?OpenDocument&Click=>.

Low J, Arimond M, Osman N, Cunguara B, Zano F, Tschirley D. A food-based approach introducing orange-fleshed sweet potatoes increased vitamin A intake and serum retinol concentrations in young children in rural Mozambique. J Nutr. 2007; 137: 1320-7.

Paes-Sousa R, Vaitsman J. Síntese das pesquisas de avaliação de programas sociais do MDS. Cadernos de Estudos: Desenvolvimento Social em Debate, Número 5. Brasília: Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome; 2007.

Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger. Data Brazil: Programs of the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger, 2004-2005. Brasília: MDS; 2007.

Baffes J, Gorter H. Experience with decoupling agricultural support. In: Aksoy MA, Beghin JC, editors. Global agricultural trade and developing countries. Washington (DC): The World Bank; 2005.

Rogers BL, Coates J. Food-based safety nets and related programs. Food policy and applied nutrition program discussion paper nº 12. Boston: Tufts University; 2002.

Harvey P. Cash and vouchers in emergencies. Humanitarian Practice Group discussion paper. London: Overseas Development Institute; 2005.

Kamaluddin S. Lender with a mission: Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank targets poorest of poor. Far East Econ Ver. 1993; 156:38-40.

Consultative Group to Assist the Poor. Scaling up poverty reduction: case studies in microfinance. Washington (DC): The World Bank; 2004.

Skoufias E. PROGRESA and its impacts on the welfare of rural households in Mexico. Research report 139. Washington (DC): International Food Policy Research Institute; 2005.

Maluccio J, Flores R. Impact evaluation of a conditional cash transfer program: the Nicaraguan Red de Proteccion Social. Washington (DC): IFPRI; 2004.

FAO. Fome zero: lições principais [Documento de trabalho]. Santiago: Escritório regional da FAO para America Latina e o Caribe; 2006.

World Bank. Shocks and social protection: lessons from the Central American coffee crisis. Volume I: Synthesis of findings and implications for policy. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2005.

Jennings J, Peri A. Activities to promote mother and child well-being in CARE’s PL480 Title II integrated programs: a closer look at the Honduras & Mozambique programs. Atlanta: CARE; 2002.

Food and Nutrition Service. Nutrition education in FNS: a coordinated approach for promoting healthy behaviors. A Report to Congress. Washington (DC): U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2002.

U.S. General Accounting Office. Early intervention: federal investments like WIC can produce savings. GAO/HRD-92-18. Washington (DC): GAO; 1992.

Chandler A-MK, Walker SP, Connolly K, GranthamMcGregor SM. School breakfast improves verbal fluency in undernourished Jamaican children. J Nutr. 1995; 125:894-900.

Bhattacharya J, Currie J, Haider SJ. Evaluating the impact of school nutrition programs. Final report. Publication # E-FAN-04-008. Washington (DC): USDA; 2004 [cited 2007 Jun 7]. Available from: <http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EFAN04008/>.

Fraker T. The effects of food stamps on food consumption: a review of the literature,” Washington (DC): Mathematica Policy Research; 1990.

World Food Programme. Where we work - Ethiopia. [cited 2007 Jun 5]. Available from: <http://www.wfp.org/country_brief/indexcountry.asp?country=231>.

Mattinen H, Ogden K. Cash-based interventions: lessons from Southern Somalia. Disasters. 2006; 30(3):297-315.

Schnell C. Strengthening local governance to enhance the impact and sustainability of food & livelihood security interventions: case studies from CARE Honduras and Peru Title II programs. Atlanta: CARE; 2002.

Food and Agriculture Organization. Anti-Hunger Programme. A twin-track approach to hunger reduction: priorities for national and international action. Rome: FAO; 2003.

Webb P, Rogers B. Addressing the “In” in food insecurity. Occasional paper nº 1. Washington (DC): US Agency for International Development; 2003.

Overseas Development Institute. ‘Getting the point’: improving food security interventions in emergencies. Notes from a meeting hosted by ODI, June, 2005 [cited 2007 May 25]. Available from: <http://www.odi.org.uk/HPG/meetings/Getting_the_Point.pdf>.

Melgar-Quinonez HR, Hackett M. A medida da segurança alimentar: a experiência mundial. Rev Nutr. 2008; 21(Supl). [no prelo].

World Food Programme. VAM Standard Analytic Framework: Role and Objectives of VAM Activities to Support WFP Food-Oriented Interventions. Rome: World Food Programme; 2002.

Booth SL, Sallis JF, Ritenbaugh C, et al. Environmental and societal factors affect food choice and physical activity: Rationale, influences, and leverage points. Nutr Reviews. 2001; 59(3 Pt 2):S21-S39; discussion S57-65.

Guthrie JF, Frazão B, Andrews M, Smallwood D. Improving food choices - Can food stamps do more? Amber Waves 2007; 5(2): 22-28 [cited 2007 June 3]. Available from:<http://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/april07/features/improvingfoodchoices.htm>.54. Food and Nutrition Service. Nutrition program facts: Food stamp nutrition education. US Department of Agriculture, 2006 [cited 2007 Jun 6]. Available

from: <http://www.fns.usda.gov/fsp/nutrition_education/FSNE-Factsheet-2006.pdf>.

Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages. Institute of Medicine. WIC food packages: time for a change. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 2005.

Nestle, M. Food Politics: how the food industry influences nutrition and health. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2002.

Brownell KD, Horgen KB. Food fight: the inside story of the food industry, America’s obesity crisis, and what we can do about it. Chicago (IL): Contemporary Books; 2004.

Hoddinott J, Adato M, Besley T, Haddad L. Participation and poverty reduction: issues, theory, and new evidence from South Africa. FCND discussion paper nº 98. Washington (DC): International Food Policy Research Institute; 2001.

Food and Agriculture Organization. Voluntary guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. Rome: FAO; 2005.

Food and Agriculture Organization. The right to food in practice: implementation at the national level. Rome: FAO; 2006.

Beerlandt H, Huysman S. Analysis of target groups. Manual for bottom-up-approach in food security interventions. International Fund for Agricultural Development; 1999 [cited 2007 May 15]. Available from: <http://www.ifad.org/gender/tools/hfs/bsfpub/manual_toc.htm>.

Downloads

Publicado

05-09-2023

Como Citar

ROSE, D. D. (2023). Intervenções para reduzir a insegurança alimentar: uma síntese dos atuais conceitos e abordagens para a América Latina. Revista De Nutrição, 21(Suplemento). Recuperado de https://periodicos.puc-campinas.edu.br/nutricao/article/view/9647