Atitudes alimentares e prática de exercícios físicos durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em mulheres adultas com sobrepeso ou obesidade
Palavras-chave:
Comportamento Alimentar, COVID-19, Exercício Físico, Mulheres, ObesidadeResumo
Objetivo
O surgimento da doença do Coronavírus trouxe uma série de mudanças sociais, afetando as emoções, os hábitos sobre prática de exercício físico e o comportamento alimentar. Considerando o impacto da pandemia nas rotinas, o presente estudo avaliou o padrão alimentar, as atitudes alimentares, a prática de exercício físico e os sentimentos experienciados por mulheres adultas com índice de massa corporal de 25 kg/m² ou maior durante a pandemia de COVID-19.
Métodos
Participaram do estudo 786 mulheres com índice de massa corporal de 25 kg/m² ou maior e idade entre 30 e 50 anos. As participantes responderam ao questionário sociodemoráfico (idade, auto relato de peso e altura, relacionamento, nível educacional), a um questionário elaborado pelas pesquisadoras para acessar variáveis sobre sentimentos vivenciados durante o isolamento, prática de exercício físico e percepção de mudança na alimentação e ao Three Factor Eating Questionnaire – R21. A coleta de dados foi online via plataforma REDCap® durante os meses de Março e Abril de 2021. A associação de variáveis qualitativas foi avaliada com o teste qui-quadrado. ANOVA de uma via foi realizada para avaliar diferenças de grupo entre mulheres que reportaram perceberem mudança na alimentação durante a pandemia e aquelas que não perceberam.
Resultados
Os resultados demonstraram que, a média de índice de massa corporal das participantes foi 35,04 kg/m2 (DP=6,32) e a média de idade foi 38,73 anos (DP=5,69). Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, houve uma alta prevalência de sentimentos negativos como ansiedade (86,5%), medo (65,2%) e exaustão (59,7%), assim como redução na prática de exercício físico (ꭕ²=44,71, df=4, p<0,001). Sobre ingestão alimentar, 85% da amostra reportou perceberem mudança na alimentação. Houve mudança na quantidade, na frequência e na qualidade de alimento consumido, com aumento na ingestão de alimentos baixo em nutrientes e altos em calorias. Sobre as atitudes alimentares, as pontuações nas subescalas comer descontrolado (F (1, 782) = 38,982; p<0,001) e comer emocional (F (1, 782) = 60,392; p<0,001) foram altas, principalmente entre mulheres que perceberam mudanças no consume alimentar durante a pandemia.
Conclusão
Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, mulheres com sobrepeso ou obesidade reportaram prevalência de sentimentos negativos, redução na prática de exercício físico e mudanças alimentares tanto na dieta quanto nas atitudes alimentares.
Referências
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-33. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001017
Organização Mundial de Saúde declara pandemia do novo Coronavírus. UNA-SUS | Universidade Aberta do Sistema Único de Saúde; 2020 [cited 2022 Aug 15]. Available from: https://www.unasus.gov.br/noticia/organizacao-mundial-de-saude-declara-pandemia-de-coronavirus
de Siqueira JV, Almeida LG, Zica BO, Brum IB, Barceló A, de Siqueira Galil AG. Impact of obesity on hospitalizations and mortality, due to COVID-19: A systematic review. Obes Res Amp Clin Pract. 2020;14(5):398-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2020.07.005
Tartof SY, Qian L, Hong V, Wei R, Nadjafi RF, Fischer H, et al. Obesity and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19: Results from an integrated health care organization. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(10):773-81. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-3742
Zhang F, Xiong Y, Wei Y, Hu Y, Wang F, Li G, et al. Obesity predisposes to the risk of higher mortality in young COVID‐19 patients. J Med Virol. 2020;92(11):2536-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26039
Plagg B, Engl A, Piccoliori G, Eisendle K. Prolonged social isolation of the elderly during COVID-19: Between benefit and damage. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020;89:104086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104086
Hwang TJ, Rabheru K, Peisah C, Reichman W, Ikeda M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Psychogeriatr. 2020;32(10):1217-20. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000988
Tull MT, Edmonds KA, Scamaldo KM, Richmond JR, Rose JP, Gratz KL. Psychological outcomes associated with stay-at-home orders and the perceived impact of COVID-19 on daily life. Psychiatry Res. 2020;289:113098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113098
Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:531-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Rodríguez-Pérez C, Molina-Montes E, Verardo V, Artacho R, García-Villanova B, Guerra-Hernández EJ, et al. Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730
Pellegrini M, Ponzo V, Rosato R, Scumaci E, Goitre I, Benso A, et al. Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016
Steele EM, Rauber F, Costa CD, Leite MA, Gabe KT, Louzada ML, et al. Mudanças alimentares na coorte NutriNet Brasil durante a pandemia de covid-19. Rev Saude Publica. 2020;540:91. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002950
Stockwell S, Trott M, Tully M, Shin J, Barnett Y, Butler L, et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Amp Exerc Med. 2021;7(1):e000960. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960
Alvarenga M, Antonaccio C, Timerman F, Figueiredo M. Nutrição comportamental. 2nd ed. Barueri: Manole; 2019.
Konttinen H. Emotional eating and obesity in adults: The role of depression, sleep and genes. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020;79(3):283-89. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665120000166
Sweerts SJ, Apfeldorfer G, Romo L, Kureta-Vanoli K. Treat or Enhance Cognitive Restraint in Individuals Suffering from Overweight or Obesity? Systematic revue of the literature. SOJ Psychol. 2016;3(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.15226/2374-6874/3/1/00125
Vainik U, García-García I, Dagher A. Uncontrolled eating: A unifying heritable trait linked with obesity, overeating, personality and the brain. Eur J Neurosci. 2019; 50(3):2430-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14352
Souza TC, Oliveira LA, Daniel MM, Ferreira LG, Della Lucia CM, Liboredo JC, et al. Lifestyle and eating habits before and during COVID-19 quarantine in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2021;25(1):65-75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002100255X
Lamy E, Viegas C, Rocha A, Raquel Lucas M, Tavares S, Capela e Silva F, et al. Changes in food behavior during the first lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country study about changes in eating habits, motivations, and food-related behaviors. Food Qual Prefer. 2022;99:104559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104559
Smaira FI, Mazzolani BC, Esteves GP, André HCS, Amarante MC, Castanho DF, et al. Poor Eating Habits and Selected Determinants of Food Choice Were Associated With Ultraprocessed Food Consumption in Brazilian Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Nutr. 2021;8:672372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.672372
Robinson E, Boyland E, Chisholm A, Harrold J, Maloney NG, Marty L, et al. Obesity, eating behavior and physical activity during COVID-19 lockdown: A study of UK adults. Appetite. 2020;156:104853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104853
Robinson E, Gillespie SM, Jones A. Weight-related lifestyle behaviors and the COVID-19 crisis: An online survey study of UK adults during social lockdown. Obes Sci Pract. 2020;6(6):735-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.442
Herle M, Smith AD, Bu F, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Trajectories of eating behavior during COVID-19 lockdown: Longitudinal analyses of 22,374 adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;42:158-65 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.046
do Carmo SG, Oliveira JPT, Aragão B de A, Botelho PB. Impact of Final Phase Social Isolation and the COVID-19 Pandemic on Eating Behavior, Sleep Quality, and Anxiety Level. Nutrients. 2023;15(9):2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092148
Sander J, Moessner M, Bauer S. Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorder-Related Impairment: Moderators in Female Adolescents and Young Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):2779. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052779
Richardson AS, Arsenault JE, Cates SC, Muth MK. Perceived stress, unhealthy eating behaviors, and severe obesity in low-income women. Nutr J. 2015;14:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0110-4
Samuels KL, Maine MM, Tantillo M. Disordered Eating, Eating Disorders, and Body Image in Midlife and Older Women. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21(8):70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1057-5
Stunkard AJ, Messick S. The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. J Psychosom Res. 1985;29(1):71-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8
Tholin S, Rasmussen F, Tynelius P, Karlsson J. Genetic and environmental influences on eating behavior: The Swedish Young Male Twins Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(3):564-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.3.564
Natacci LC, Ferreira Júnior M. The three factor eating questionnaire - R21: Tradução para o português e aplicação em mulheres brasileiras. Rev Nutr. 2011;24(3):383-94. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732011000300002
COVID-19 no Brasil - Covid-19 Casos e Óbitos. [cited 2022 Aug 15]. Available from: https://infoms.saude.gov.br/extensions/covid-19_html/covid- 19_html.html
Sønderskov KM, Dinesen PT, Santini ZI, Østergaard SD. The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020;32(4):226-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.15
Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032
Devonport TJ, Nicholls W, Fullerton C. A systematic review of the association between emotions and eating behaviour in normal and overweight adult populations. J Health Psychol. 2017;24(1):3-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317697813
Maniam J, Morris MJ. Palatable cafeteria diet ameliorates anxiety and depression-like symptoms following an adverse early environment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010;35(5):717-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.013
Aguiar-Bloemer AC, Diez-Garcia RW. Influence of emotions evoked by life events on food choice. Eat Weight Disord. 2017;23(1):45-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0468-8
Singh M. Mood, food, and obesity. Front Psychol. 2014;5:925. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00925
Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Food Addiction and Binge Eating: Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Nutrients. 2018;10(1):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010071
de Medeiros ACQ, Yamamoto ME, Pedrosa LFC, Hutz CS. The Brazilian version of the three-factor eating questionnaire-R21: Psychometric evaluation and scoring pattern. Eat Weight Disord. 2016;22(1):169-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0256-x
Oliveira JPT, do Carmo SG, Aragão B de A, Cunha J, Botelho PB. Meditation practices and their relationship with eating behavior, weight changes, and mental health in adults from different regions of Brazil: A crosssectional study. Nutrition. 2023;109:111972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2023.111972
Biagio LD, Moreira P, Amaral CK. Comportamento alimentar em obesos e sua correlação com o tratamento nutricional. J Bras Psiquiatr. 2020;69(3):171-78. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000280
Jomori MM, Proença RP, Calvo MC. Determinantes de escolha alimentar. Rev Nutr. 2008;21(1):63-73. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732008000100007
Quaioti TC, Almeida SD. Determinantes psicobiológicos do comportamento alimentar: uma ênfase em fatores ambientais que contribuem para a obesidade. Psicol USP. 2006;17(4):193-211. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-65642006000400011
Haedt-Matt AA, Keel PK. Revisiting the affect regulation model of binge eating: A meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessment. Psychol Bull. 2011;137(4):660-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023660
Hanna K, Cross J, Nicholls A, Gallegos D. The association between loneliness or social isolation and food and eating behaviours: A scoping review. Appetite. 2023;191:107051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.107051
Ljubičić M, Matek Sarić M, Klarin I, Rumbak I, Colić Barić I, Ranilović J, et al. Emotions and food consumption: Emotional eating behavior in a European population. Foods. 2023;12(4):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040872
Anglé S, Engblom J, Eriksson T, Kautiainen S, Saha MT, Lindfors P, et al. Three factor eating questionnaire-R18 as a measure of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating in a sample of young Finnish females. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2009;6(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-6-41
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Laura Precinotto, Marina Rodrigues Giuliani, Maria Fernanda Laus, Vivian Marques Miguel Suen
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
