COGNITIVE DISTORTION IN DEPRESSION
A Comparative Experimental Analog Test of the Beck and Reformulated Seligman Models
Resumen
O modelo de esquema cognitivo de Aaron Beck e o modelo reformulado de desalento de Martin Seligman de depressão, são comparados no presente trabalho. A atribuição de sucesso e fracasso de 48 estudantes universitários depressivos e 48 estudantes não depressivos e sua. correlação com a autoestima e depressão em uma amostra de 262 sujeitos foram estudadas. Os resultados indicaram que os sujeitos depressivos atribuíam mais frequentemente do que os outros estudantes seu fracasso a fatores internos e seu sucesso a fatores externos, conforme previsto por ambos os modelos. Os dados não deram apoio à previsão feita pelo modelo de Seligman quanta as variáveis estabilidade x instabilidade, global x específico e pessoal x universal que foram estudadas. Os estudantes depressivos eram consideravelmente mais pessimistas do que os não depressivos quanto à confiança em ter sucesso. A correlação entre auto-estima e depressão foi 58. Esta relação foi reduzida para 56 quando o fator interiorização foi eliminado.
Descargas
Citas
ABRAMSON, L. Y., & SACKHEIM, H. A. (1977). A paradox in depression: Uncontrollability and self-blame. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 838-851.
ABRAMSON, I. Y., SELIGMAN, M. E. P., & TEASDALE, J. D. ( 1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49 - 74.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION. (1980 I Diagnostic and statistical manual of men1a1 disorders (3rd ed. I. Washington: American Psychiatric Association.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (1973 I. Ethical principles in the conduct of research with human participants. Washington: American Psychological Association.
ARKIN, R., COOPER, H., & KOlDITZ, T. ( 1980 ). A statistical review of the literature concerning the self-serving attribution bias in interpersonal influence situations. Journal of Personality, 48, 435 - 448.
BATTLE,J. ( 1978). Relationship between self-esteem and depression. Psychological Reports, 42,745 -746.
BECK, A. T. ( 1970). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, (originally published as Depression: Clinical, experimen1al, and theoretical aspects). New York.
BECK, A. T. (1974). Depressive neurosis. In S. Arieti & E. B. Brody ( Eds. ), American handbook of psychiatry (2nd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
BLANEY, P. H. ( 1977 ). Contemporary theories of depression: Critique and comparison. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 103 -223.
BRADLEY, G. W. ( 1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A re-examination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 56 - 71.
BREHM,S. S. ( 1976). The Application of social psychology to clinical practice. Washington: Hemisphere.
BUMBERRY, W., Oliver, J. M., & McClure, J. M. ( 1978 I. Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory in a university population using psychiatric estimate as the criterion. Journal of Consulting and , Clinical Psychology, 46, 150 - 155.
COSTEllO, C. G. ( 1978 I. A critical review of Seligman's laboratory experiments on learned helplessness and depression' in humans. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 21 - 31.
COYNE,J. C. ( 1976 ). Toward an interactional description of depression. Psychiatry, 1976,39,28 - 40.
CRANDAll, R. (1973). The measurement of self-esteem and related constructs. In J. P. Robinson & P. R. Shaver( Eds. I, Measures of social psychological attitudes. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research.
DAHLSTROM, W. G., WELSH, G. S., & DAHLSTROM, L. E. ( 1972). An MMPI handbook ( Rev. ed.), Volumne I: Clinical interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
DAHLSTROM, W. G., WELSH, G. S., & DAHLSTROM, L. E. ( 1975). An MMPI handbook (Rev. ed.), Volume II: Research applications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
EAGLY, A. H. (1969). Sex differences in the relationship between self-esteem and susceptibility to social influence. Journal of Personality, 37, 581 - 591.
ESWARA,H. S. ( 1972 ). Administration of reward and punishment in relation to ability, effort, and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 87,139 -140.
FEATHER, M. T. (1967). Valence of outcome and expectation of success in relation to task difficulty and perceived locus of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 372 - 386.
FEATHER,N.T., &SIMON,J. G. ( 1971 ). Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control. Journal of Personality, 39, 527 - 542.
FERNANDO, S. J. M. ( 1975 ). A cross-cultural study of some familial and social factors in depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 46 - 53.
FITCH,G. ( 1970). Effects of self-esteem, perceived performance and choice on causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16,311 - 316.
HASTORF, A., SCHREUDER, D., & POLEFKA, J. (1970). Person perception. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
HEILBRUN, A. B., Jr. (1961 ). The psychological significance of the MMPI K Scale in a normal population. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25, 486 - 491.
HOVLAND, C., & JANIS, I. (Eds.) (1959). Personality and persuasibility. New Haven: Yale University Press.
KELLY, G.A. ( 1964). The language of hypothesis: Man's psychological instrument. Journal of Individual Psychology, 20, 137 - 152.
KLEIN, D. C., FENCIL-MORSE, E., & SELIGMAN, M. E. P. ( 1976). Learned helplessness, depression, and the attribution of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 508 - 516.
KLERMAN,G. L. ( 1974). Depression and adaptation. In R. J. Friedman & M. M. Katz ( Eds. ), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research Washington: Winston-Wiley.
KUPIER, M. A. ( 1978). Depression and causal attributions for success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 236 - 246.
LANZETTA, J. T., & HANNAH,T. E. ( 1969 ). Reinforcing behavior of "naive" trainers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 11, 245 - 252.
LOEB, A., Beck, A. T., & DlGGORY, J. C. ( 1971 ). Differential effects of success and failure on depressed and nondepressed patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 152, 106 -114.
LOEB, A., BECK, A. T., DIGGORY, J. C., & TUTHill, R. ( 1967). Expectancy, level of aspiration, performance, and self-evaluation in depression. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 2, 193 - 194.
LOEB, A., FESHBACK, S., BECK, A., &WOLF, A. ( 1964 ). Some effects of reward on the social perception and motivation of psychiatric patients varying in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 68, 609 - 616.
LUGINBUHL, J. E. R., CROWE H. D., & KAHAN, J. P. ( 1975). Causal attributions for success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 86 - 93.
MASLOW,A. H. ( 1971 ). The Farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking Press.
MILLER, W. R., & SELIGMAN, M. E. P. ( 1973). Depression and the perception of reinforcement. Journal of abnormal Psychology, 82, 62 - 73.
MILLER, W. R., & SELIGMAN, M. E. P. ( 1975 ). Depression and learned helplessness in man. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 228 - 238.
MILLER, W. R., SELIGMAN, M. E. P., & KURLANDER, H. ( 1975). learned helplessness, depression and anxiety. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 161,347 - 357.
MOYAL, B. ( 1977 ). locus of control, self-esteem, stimulus appraisal and depressive systems in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 951 - 952.
NISBETT, R. E., & SCHACHTER, S. ( 1966 ). Cognitive manipulation of pain. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2,227 - 236.
REST, S., NIERENBERG, R., WEINER, B., & HECKHAUSEN, H. ( 1973). Further evidence concerning the effects of perceptions of effort and ability on achievement evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 187 - 191.
RIZLEY, R. ( 1978). 'Depression and distortion in the attribution of causality. Journal of AbnormalPsychology, 87, 32 - 48.
ROSS, L., RODIN, J., & ZIMBARDO, P. G. (1969). Toward an attribution therapy: The reduction of fear through induced cognitive-emotional misattribution. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,12,279 - 288.
ROTTER, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. PsychologicalMonographs,80, ( 1, Whole, NQ609).
ROTTER,J. B., LlVERANT,S., & CROWNE,D. P. ( 1961 ). The growth and extinction ,of expectancies in chance controlled and skill tasks. Journal of Psychology, 52,161 -177.
SCHACHTER, S., & SINGER, J. E. (1962). Cognitive, soc.!jll and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological '1eview, 69, 379 - 399.
SCHWAB, J. J., BROWN, J. M., HOLZER, C. E., & SOKOLOF, M. ( 1968). Current concepts of depression: The sociocultural. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 14, 226 - 234.
SELIGMAN, M.E. P. ( 1975 ). Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman.
SELIGMAN, M. E. P., KLEIN, D. C., & MILLER, W. R. (1975). Depression. In H. Leitenberg (Ed. I, Handbook of behavior modification and behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
SILVERMAN, C. ( 1968). The epidemiology of depression: A review. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124,883 - 891.
SOBEL,R.S. ( 1974 I. Effects of success, failure and locus of control on J)ostperform_~l1ce attributions of causality. Journal of General Psychiatry, 91, 29 - 34.
STORMS, M. D., & NISBETT, R. E. (1970 I. Insomnia and the attribution process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16,319 - 328.
TEJA, J. S., NARANG, R. L., & AGGARWAL, A. K. ( 1971 ). Depression across cultures. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119,253 - 160.
WEINER, B., FRIEZE, I., KUKLA, A., REED, L., REST, S.A., & ROSENBAUM, R. M. ( 1971 ). Perceiving the causes of success and failure. NewYork: General Learning Press.
WEINER, B., & KUKLA, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 1 - 20.
WORTMAN, C. B., COSTANZO, I., & WITT, T. (1973). Effect of anticipated performance on the atribution of causality to self and others. Journal of Personality and SOcialPsychology, 27, 372 - 281.
ZANDER, A., FULLER, R., & ARMSTRONG, W. ( 1972 ). Attributed pride or shame in group and self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 346 - 352.
ZUCKERMAN, M. ( 1979 ). Attribution of success and failure revisited, or: The motivational bias is alive and well in attribution theory. Journal of Personality, 47,245 – 287.
