Isolamento de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas em piscinas de uso coletivo localizadas no município de Redenção, Pará, Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0897v31e2022a5222Palabras clave:
Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, PiscinasResumen
Objetivo
Isolar amebas dos gêneros Acanthamoeba e Naegleria em piscinas de uso coletivo do município de Redenção, Pará, Brasil.
Métodos
A identificação dessas amebas se deu a partir de amostras retiradas de piscinas de uso coletivo de quatro clubes da cidade. As análises foram realizadas a partir do exame direto a fresco, cultura, análise morfológica após coloração de Gram e teste de exflagelação, seguindo o protocolo descrito por Carlesso, Artuso e Rott.
Resultados
As amebas de vida livre foram encontradas em 41,67% das amostras, com predomínio das do gênero Acanthamoeba (63,2%) no exame direto a fresco. No clube A, localizado no setor Serrinha, houve predominância dessas amebas em relação às demais (8,34%). As amostras obtidas por swabs apresentaram 73,69% de formas evolutivas em comparação à análise feita apenas na água das piscinas. A confirmação dos gêneros das amebas presentes nas amostras feita através da coloração de Gram encontrou um perfil de identificação diferente, sendo que nesse exame a ameba de gênero Naegleria spp. Se sobressaiu perante a de gênero Acanthamoeba (61,11% e 38,89%, respectivamente).
Conclusão
Os resultados do estudo confirmam a presença de isolados potencialmente patogênicos de amebas de vida livre em piscinas de uso coletivo, o que pode significar um risco à saúde pública.
Descargas
Citas
Gomes TS, Vaccaro L, Manget A, Izquierdo F, Ollero D, Martínez-Fernández C, et al. Presence and interaction of free-living amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in water from drinking water treatment plants. Sci Total Environ. 2020;719:137080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137080
Farra A, Bekondi C, Tricou V, Mbecko JR, Talarmin A. Free-living amoebae isolated in the Central African Republic: Epidemiological and molecular aspects. Pan Afr Med J. 2017;26(57):1-10. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.26.57.9021
Dobrowsky PH, Khan S, Cloete TE, Khan W. Molecular detection of Achantamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Vermamoeba (Hartmannella) vermiformis as vectors for Legionella spp. in untreated and solar pasteurized harvested rainwater. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9(539):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1829-2
Heggie TW, Kupper T. Surviving Naegleria fowleri infections: a successful case report and novel therapeutic approach. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2017;16(1):49-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.12.005
Guimaraes AJ, Gomes KX, Cortines JR, Peralta JM, Peralta RH. Acanthamoeba spp. as a universal host for pathogenic microorganisms: one bridge from environment to host virulence. Microbiol Res. 2016;193(1):30-8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.001
Shing B, Balen M, McKerrow JH, Debnath A. Acanthamoeba Keratitis: an update on amebicidal and cysticidal drug screening methodologies and potential treatment with azole drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19:1-15. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1924673
Stahl LM, Olson JB. Environmental abiotic and biotic factors affecting the distribution and abundance of Naegleria fowleri. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2020;97(1):fiaa238. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiaa238
Juárez MM, Tártara LI, Cid AG, Real JP, Bermúdez JM, Rajal VB, et al. Achantamoeba in the eye, can the parasite hide even more? Latest developments on the disease. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 2017;41(3):245-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clae.2017.12.017
Bellini NK, Fonseca ALM, Reyes-Batlle M, Lorenzo-Morales J, Rocha O, Thiemann OH. Isolation of Naegleria spp. from a Brazilian Water Source. Pathogens. 2020;9(2):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020090
Carvalho FRS, Foronda AS, Mannis MJ, Höfling-Lima AL, Belfort R, Freitas D. Twenty years of Acanthamoeba keratitis. cornea. 2009;28(5):516-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318193e0fe
Alves DSMM, Gonçalves GS, Moraes AS, Alves LM, Neto JRC, Hecht MM, et al. The first Acanthamoeba keratitis case in the Midwest region of Brazil: diagnosis, genotyping of the parasite and disease outcome. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2018;51(5):716-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0010-2018
Gomes TS, Vaccaro L, Magnet A, Izquierdo F, Ollero D, Martínez-Fernández C, et al. Presence and interaction of free-living amoebae and amoeba-resisting bacteria in water from drinking water treatment plants. Sci Environ. 2020;719:137080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137080
Barufii H. Metodologia de pesquisa: orientações metodológicas para a elaboração de monografia. 4. ed. Dourados: Hbedit; 2004.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades@: Pará. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto; 2015 [citado 2019 Set 08]. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/pa/redencao/panorama
Carlesso AM, Artuso GL, Caumo K, Rott MB. Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolated from a hospital in Brazil. Curr Microbiol. 2010;60(3):185-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-009-9523-7
Page FC. Re-definition of the genus Acanthamoeba with descriptions of three species. J Protozool. 1967;14(4):709-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02066.x
Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 9.816: Piscina: Terminologia. Rio de Janeiro, 1987. NBR 10.818: Qualidade da água de piscina: Procedimento. Rio de Janeiro: Associação; 2016 [citado 2019 Set 08]. Disponível em: https://www.target.com.br/produtos/normas-tecnicas/27597/nbr10818-qualidade-da-agua-de-piscina-procedimento
Balczun C, Scheid PL. Free-Living amoebae as hosts for and vectors of intracellular microorganisms with public health significance. Viruses. 2017;9(4):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9040065
Denet E, Coupat-Goutaland B, Nazaret S, Pélandakis M, Favre-Bonté S. Diversity of free-living amoebae in soils and their associated human opportunistic bacteria. Parasitol Res. 2017; 116(11):3151-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436- 017-5632-6
Strassmann JE, Shu L. Ancient bacteria-amoeba relationships and pathogenic animal bacteria. Plos Biol. 2017;15(5):e2002460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002460
Poor BM, Dalimi A, Ghafarifar F, Khoshzaban F, Abdolalizadeh J. Contamination of swimming pools and hot tubs biofilms with Acanthamoeba. Acta Parasitol. 2018;63(1):147-53. https://doi.org/10.1515/ap-2018-0016
Puzon GJ, Wylie JT, Walsh T, Braun K, Morgan MJ. Comparison of biofilm ecology supporting growth of individual Naegleria species in a drinking water distribution system. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2017;93(4)1-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ femsec/fix017
Caumo K, Frasson AP, Pens CJ, Panatieri LF, Frazzon APG, Rott MB. Potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba in swimming pools: a survey in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre. Annals Tropical Med Parasitology. 2009;03(6):477-85. https://doi.org/10.1179/136485909X451825
Alves DSMM, Moraes AS, Nitz N, Oliveira MGC, Hecht MM, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, et al. Occurrence and characterization of Acanthamoeba similar to genotypes T4, T5, and T2/T6 isolated from environmental sources in Brasília, Federal District, Brazil. Exp Parasitol. 2012;131(2):239-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.04.011
Taravaud A, Fechtali-Moute Z, Loiseau PM, Pomel S. Drugs used for the treatment of cerebral and disseminated infections caused by free-living amoebae. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.12955
Huang SW, Hsu BM. Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba from Taiwan spring recreation areas using culture enrichment combined with PCR. Acta Tropica. 2010;115(3):282-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.04.012
Mavridou A, Pappa O, Papatzitze O, Dioli C, Kefala AM, Drossos P, et al. Exotic tourist destinations and transmission of infections by swimming pools and hot springs: a literature review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122730
Vijayakumar R. Isolation, identification of pathogenic Acanthamoeba from drinking and recreational water sources in Saudi Arabia. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 2018;5(4):439-44. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e296
Esboei BR, Fakhar M, Saberi R, Barati R, Moslemi M, Hassannia H, et al. Genotyping and phylogenic study of Acanthamoeba isolates from human keratitis and swimming pool water samples in Iran. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2020;11:e00164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00164
Reyes-Batlle M, Gabriel MF, Rodríguez-Expósito R, Felgueras F, Sifaoui I, Mourão Z, et al. Evaluation of the occurrence of pathogenic free-living amoeba and bacteria in 20 public indoor swimming pool facilities. Microbiologyopen. 2021;10(1):e1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1159
Astorga B, Lorenzo-Morales J, Martín-Navarro CM, Alarcón V, Moreno J, González AC, et al. Acanthamoeba belonging to T3, T4, and T11: genotypes isolated from air-conditioning units in Santiago, Chile. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 2011;58(6):542-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00584.x
Possamai CO, Loss AC, Costa AO, Falqueto A, Cinthia F. Acanthamoeba of three morphological groups and distinct genotypes exhibit variable and weakly inter-related physiological properties. Parasitol Res. 2018;177:1389-400. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5824-8
Tillery L, Barrett K, Goldstein J, Lassner JW, Osterhout B, Tran NL, et al. Naegleria fowleri: protein structures to facilitate drug discovery for the deadly, pathogenic free-living amoeba. Plos One. 2021;16(3):e0241738. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0241738
Miller HC, Wylie J, Dejean G, Kaksonen AH, Sutton D, Braun K, et al. Reduced efficiency of chlorine disinfection of Naegleria fowleri in a drinking water distribution biofilm. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49(18):11125-31. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02947
Dupuy M, Berne F, Herbelin P, Binet M, Berthelot N, Rodier MH, et al. Sensitivity of free-living amoeba trophozoites and cysts to water disinfectants. Int J Hygiene Environ Health. 2014;217(2-3):335-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijheh.2013.07.007
Visvesvara GS. Infections with free-living amebae. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;114:153-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-444-53490-3.00010-8
Saberi R, Seifi Z, Dodangeh S, Najafi A, Abdollah Hosseini S, Anvari D, et al. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of Naegleria spp. in water sources. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020;67(6):2389- 402. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13635
Moreira LR, Rojas LZ, Murillo MG, Castro SEM, Sandí EA. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis related to groundwater in Costa Rica: diagnostic confirmation of three cases and environmental investigation. Pathogens. 2020;9(8):629-37. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080629
Behets J, Seghi F, Declerck P, Verelst L, Duvivier L, Damme AV, et al. Detection of Naegleria spp. and Naegleria fowleri: a comparison of flagellation tests, ELISA and PCR. Water Sci Technol. 2003;47(3):117-22. https://doi.org/10.2166/ wst.2003.0177
