Flowering Entomofauna in Spathodea campa nula ta Beauv. (Bignoniaceae)
Keywords:
Pollination, flower visitor, floweringAbstract
Diversity and constancy of Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) flowering insects presence in different flowering phases (initial, middle and final ones) and visiting times (from 8:00 a. m. to 6:00 p. m.) were studied, with a view to its pollination. A large variety of visitors was observed belonging to seven insect orders (Hymenoptera 63%, Diptera 32% Coleoptera 1.5%, Hemiptera 1.0%, Thysanoptera 1.0%, Homoptera O.5%, Lepidoptera 0,5%) and a order of Arachnida (Araneae 0.5%). The most frequent species (up to 5% ) were Trigona spinipes 4 1 .9 %, Apis mellifera 10.1 % e Hermetia sp 5.2 %. Although these insects have ocurred at alitime of the day, Trigona spinipes was more active at 8:00 to 9:00 o'clock; Apis mellifera at 9:00 to 11 :00 and Hermetia sp at 13:00 to 14:00 o'clock. The flowering final phase was the most preferencial for visiting (n = 263.5) than the middle phase (n = 242) and
initial phase (n = 136). The species versus flowering phases and visitingtimes versus flowering phases were considered to bestatistically significant, indicating the existence of inter-relationship among these variables.
Spathodea campanulata is a xenogamic plant which pollination system depends on various insects and hummingbirds. It was neither registered the existence of agasmospermy nor autogamic and geitogamic pollination processes.
Downloads
References
CAMARGO, P. N.; BARCHA, S. F. CASTRO, O. F. 1966. Balanço hídrico de Spathodea nilótica (Seem). Anais da E. S. A. NLuiz de Queiroz", 23:278-293.
FAEGRI K. e PIJL, L. van der, 1979, The Principies of Pollination Ecology Pergamon Press. Oxford, 244 p.
FREE, J. B., 1963, The flower constancy of bumblebees, Journal of Animal Ecology, 39:395-402.
INOUYE, D. W., 1980, The terminology of floral lacerny, Ecology 6 (5): 1251-1253.
MOSQUIM, T, 1971, Competition for pollinators as a stimulus for the evolution of flowering time. OIKOS, 22: 398-402.
OLIVEIRA-FILHO, A. T. e OLIVEIRA, L. C. A., 1988, Biologia floral de uma população de Solanum Iycocarpum St Hil (Solanaceae) em Lavras MG. Rev.Brasil. Bot. (11): 23 -32.
PLEASANTS, J. M., 1980, Competition for bumblebee pollinators in Rocky Mountain plant communities, Ecology,61 (6): 1446-1459.
PROCTOR, M. e YEO, P., 1973, The pollination offlowers. London: Collins. 418 p.
READER,R. J., 1975, Competitive relationship of bug ericads for major insect pollinators. Cardinal Journal of Botany, 53: 1300-1305. .
SILVA, A. G. A.; GONÇALVES, C. R.; GALVÃO, D. M.; GONÇALVES. A. I. L.; GOMES, J.;' SILVA, M. N. e SIMONI, L., 1968, Quarto catalogo dos insetos que vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Tomo 1, Rio de Janeiro; Ministério da Agricultura. 622 p.
SILVEIRA-NETO, S.; NAKANO, O.; BARBIN, D.' e VILLA NOVA, N. A., 1976, Manual de ecologia dos insetos. São Paulo, EDUSP, 419. p.
SOKAL, R. R. e ROHLF, F. J., 1969, Biometry,theprinciples and practice of statistics in biological research. San Francisco, W. H. Freemon. 776 p.
VOGEL, S., 1983, Ecophysi'ology of zoophilic pollination. in Physiological plant ecology 11I(Lange, O. L.; Nobe,l , P. S.; Osmond, C. B. & Ziegler, H. eds.) Springer~Verlag, Berlin. 560-612.
WELLS, H.; WELLS, P. H. & SMITH, D. M. 1983. Ethological isolation of plants. 1. Color selection by honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research, 22(1):33-44.
WILLMER, P. G. 1983. Thermal constraints on activity patterns in nectar-feeding insects. Ecological Entomology, 8:455-469.
