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   <front>
      <journal-meta>
         <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">OA</journal-id>
         <journal-title-group>
            <journal-title>Revista Oculum Ensaios</journal-title>
            <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">OA</abbrev-journal-title>
         </journal-title-group>
         <issn pub-type="ppub">1519-7727</issn>
         <issn pub-type="epub">2318-0919</issn>
         <publisher>
            <publisher-name>Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas</publisher-name>
         </publisher>
      </journal-meta>
      <article-meta>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
               <subject>DOSSIÊ | ENVELHECIMENTO, TERRITÓRIO E AMBIENTE</subject>
            </subj-group>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Mobilidade de idosos e estrutura familiar</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-4766</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
                  <given-names>Eugênia Dória Viana</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Curadoria de dados</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervisão</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Escrita - rascunho</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Revisão e edição</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">1</xref>
               <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2066-0738</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Pinto</surname>
                  <given-names>Ana Marcela Ardila</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Análise formal</role>
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               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Escrita - rascunho</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Revisão e edição</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/funding-acquisition">Aquisição de financiamento</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">2</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4856-5671</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Lessa</surname>
                  <given-names>Daniela Antunes</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Curadoria de dados</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Metodologia</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervisão</role>
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               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validação</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">3</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7240-322X</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Carreira</surname>
                  <given-names>Ana Clara</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Escrita – rascunho</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2500-8585</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Borges</surname>
                  <given-names>Júlia Ribeiro</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceituação</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Escrita – rascunho</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
            </contrib>
         </contrib-group>
         <aff id="aff01">
            <label>1</label>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia</institution>
            <addr-line>
               <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
               <state>MG</state>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Centro de Estudos Urbanos. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff02">
            <label>2</label>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia</institution>
            <addr-line>
               <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
               <state>MG</state>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Centro de Estudos Urbanos. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff03">
            <label>3</label>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Minas</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geotecnia e Transportes (UFMG) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental (UFOP)</institution>
            <addr-line>
               <city>Ouro Preto</city>
               <state>MG</state>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Escola de Minas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geotecnia e Transportes (UFMG) / Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental (UFOP). Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff04">
            <label>4</label>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas</institution>
            <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CEURB</institution>
            <addr-line>
               <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
               <state>MG</state>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, CEURB. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <author-notes>
            <corresp id="c01">E-mail: <email>eugeniadoria@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
            <fn fn-type="edited-by">
               <label>Editores</label>
               <p>Patrícia Samora e Alejandro Pérez</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="conflict">
               <label>Conflito de interesse</label>
               <p>Declaramos que não há nenhum conflito de interesse referente à publicação do presente artigo.</p>
            </fn>
         </author-notes>
         <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
            <day>0</day>
            <month>0</month>
            <year>2025</year>
         </pub-date>
         <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
            <year>2025</year>
         </pub-date>
         <volume>22</volume>
         <elocation-id>e2512799</elocation-id>
         <history>
            <date date-type="received">
               <day>15</day>
               <month>05</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="rev-recd">
               <day>13</day>
               <month>11</month>
               <year>2024</year>
            </date>
            <date date-type="accepted">
               <day>04</day>
               <month>02</month>
               <year>2025</year>
            </date>
         </history>
         <permissions>
            <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
               <license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (<italic>Open Access</italic>) sob a licença <italic>Creative Commons Attribution</italic>, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, sem restrições desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
            </license>
         </permissions>
         <abstract>
            <title>Resumo</title>
            <p>O presente estudo evidencia os principais resultados de uma investigação que se propôs a analisar a mobilidade da população idosa na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e sua articulação às estruturas domiciliares existentes. Foi utilizada uma metodologia estatística descritiva a partir dos dados da Pesquisa de Origem e Destino (de 2012), que permitiu explorar a articulação entre estrutura domiciliar, características socioeconômicas e padrões de viagens das pessoas idosas. Verifica-se que idosos inseridos em uma estrutura domiciliar de casal tendem a se deslocar por meios motorizados individuais, enquanto idosos sozinhos ou em estruturas monoparentais deslocam-se prioritariamente a pé ou por transporte público. Além disso, pode-se observar uma relação entre estrutura domiciliar, idade e motivos de viagens. Nesse sentido, os achados corroboram a necessidade de uma análise mais abrangente dos comportamentos de mobilidade da população estudada.</p>
         </abstract>
         <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
            <title>Palavras-chave</title>
            <kwd>Envelhecimento</kwd>
            <kwd>Família</kwd>
            <kwd>Pessoas idosas</kwd>
            <kwd>Práticas de mobilidade</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
         <funding-group>
            <award-group>
               <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
               <award-id>APQ-01359-22</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <award-group>
               <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
               <award-id>409726/2022-2</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <award-group>
               <funding-source>IEAT/UFMG</funding-source>
               <award-id>312623/2023-2</award-id>
            </award-group>
            <funding-statement>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG (Processo APQ-01359-22); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), através do Edital de Demanda Universal (Processo 409726/2022-2); do programa IEAT/UFMG; e da bolsa de produtividade (Processo 312623/2023-2).</funding-statement>
         </funding-group>
      </article-meta>
   </front>
   <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
         <title>Introdução</title>
         <p>Uma tendência notável nos estudos demográficos brasileiros é o constante envelhecimento da população ao longo das últimas décadas. Segundo o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2023)</xref>, é classificado nessa categoria todo indivíduo com 60 anos ou mais. Nos anos 2000, esse grupo correspondia a 5,6% da população, proporção que aumentou para 10,7% em 2010 e 19,5% em 2022. Esse aumento gera desafios importantes em termos das demandas de bens, serviços e infraestrutura. Particularmente, a mobilidade urbana constitui um dos setores de política mais relevantes, se considerarmos o seu papel de garantir o acesso às oportunidades de participação na vida urbana. Diante desse cenário, torna-se urgente discutir e entender como o processo de envelhecimento se articula à demanda de serviços de mobilidade e quais fatores incidem na configuração dos comportamentos de deslocamento desse grupo populacional.</p>
         <p>Grande parte das pesquisas dedicadas à população idosa salientam aspectos que incidem no nível de deslocamento, tais como incidência de deficiências físicas e mentais; dimensões sociodemográficas e econômicas; e localização na cidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Banister; Bowling, 2004</xref>). No entanto, o reconhecimento de aspectos relacionais da mobilidade, relativos ao papel de diferentes agentes na estruturação das decisões de viagem ganha cada vez mais importância na literatura acadêmica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Thrift, 1977</xref>).</p>
         <p>O presente trabalho busca analisar os padrões de viagens a partir dos indicadores das taxas de viagens, os motivos e modos, segundo diferentes unidades domiciliares das pessoas idosas na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Nas últimas décadas, a RMBH tem se caracterizado por um aumento significativo do processo de envelhecimento, acima da média nacional. No Brasil, estima-se que em 2030 e 2040 as pessoas idosas representarão aproximadamente 18,7% e 23,5%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2018</xref>); já na RMBH, as projeções indicam um crescimento da população idosa para, respectivamente, 22,6% e 30,8% em 2030 e 2040 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Fundação João Pinheiro, 2018</xref>). Ademais, considera-se a estrutura espacial da capital mineira, caracterizada por uma estrutura fortemente monocêntrica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cardoso, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cerqueira, 2018</xref>), e pela presença de desigualdades de mobilidade decorrentes da oferta inadequada de transporte público (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Lessa, 2019</xref>). Destaca-se a alta taxa de motorização privada em comparação com outras regiões metropolitanas brasileiras. De acordo com a série histórica disponibilizada por ITDP <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Brasil (2022)</xref>, esta apresentou o maior aumento percentual nas últimas duas décadas, em relação às outras RM: de 207 auto./1000 hab. em 2001, passou para 735 auto/1000 hab. em 2022, representando um acréscimo de 2,5% dessa taxa.</p>
         <p>Dessa forma, pretende-se investigar as práticas de mobilidade da população idosa na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH), utilizando uma metodologia de análise estatística descritiva aliada a uma perspectiva relacional, que revela a expressiva heterogeneidade nos comportamentos de viagem. A diversidade de práticas observada está relacionada a múltiplas dimensões, como ciclo de vida (idade), gênero, participação em arranjos domiciliares específicos e características do contexto urbano. Baseado nos dados da Pesquisa de Origem Destino de 2012 (POD/2012), o levantamento mais recente disponível (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Minas Gerais, 2012</xref>), o estudo busca expandir a compreensão das práticas de mobilidade para além da visão individualizada, destacando o papel das estruturas familiares e sua influência nos deslocamentos dos idosos. Esses arranjos domiciliares apresentam um caráter plural, refletindo não apenas a definição e as dinâmicas internas das famílias, mas também os espaços urbanos nos quais essas interações se desenvolvem.</p>
         <p>Este estudo busca contribuir de forma significativa para a discussão de questões centrais das políticas públicas voltadas à garantia dos direitos das pessoas idosas, ao enfatizar o papel das famílias como agentes essenciais de proteção, a importância da mobilidade para a qualidade de vida e a necessidade de políticas de acessibilidade. Esses aspectos são atualmente integrados ao processo de formulação de políticas na RMBH, que visa promover a acessibilidade e fortalecer a proteção aos idosos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
         <title>Revisão bibliográfica</title>
         <p>Os estudos sobre a mobilidade da população idosa têm ganhado relevância para os autores preocupados com as dinâmicas de deslocamento nas cidades. Sua importância é resultado do aprofundamento de um fenômeno social que abrange cada vez mais sociedades. O processo de envelhecimento está associado não só ao peso demográfico, mas também à crescente visibilidade das pessoas idosas nas políticas públicas e na arena pública em diferentes contextos geográficos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom, 2004</xref>). A ampliação desse processo tem gerado a necessidade de se construir modelos analíticos que permitam identificar o papel da idade e das suas particularidades em termos das dinâmicas de deslocamento.</p>
         <p>As pesquisas acadêmicas têm salientado diversas variáveis que incidem nos comportamentos de viagem desse grupo. Em primeiro lugar, aspectos relativos às condições de saúde são os mais relevantes nesse campo de estudo. A incidência de doenças crônicas e de impairments and disabilities estaria associada a uma maior imobilidade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Curl; Musselwhite, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Metz, 2012</xref>), à diminuição do número de viagens e à realização de viagens mais curtas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Barreto, 2012</xref>; Freitas; Queiroz; Sousa, 2010; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gomes; Pamplona, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Hogan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Outros estudos elencam a importância da mobilidade na melhoria da qualidade de vida, do nível de autonomia, bem como no aumento de laços de sociabilidade e participação política (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Green; Jones; Roberts, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Levasseur <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
         <p>Em relação aos modos de transporte, é apontada a importância do transporte público (Ryan; Wretstrand; Schmidt, 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Szeto <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), especialmente quando facilitado por políticas de gratuidade ou forçado devido às condições de pobreza e vulnerabilidade dos idosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Böcker; Van amen; Helbich, 2017</xref>). O acesso ao automóvel pode ser alto especialmente nos países do Norte Global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Minton; Clark, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom, 2004</xref>), quando não é restringido por situações de deficiência ou barreiras de ordem legal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Whelan, 2006</xref>). Em relação ao gênero, foi observado que as mulheres tendem a usar mais transporte público e a caminhar mais, em comparação com os homens, que geralmente usam mais o automóvel privado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Szeto <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Essas tendências gerais são relativizadas quando considerados outras variáveis, evidenciando uma grande heterogeneidade nas práticas de deslocamento, especialmente quando se introduzem aspectos individuais ou aspectos psicossociais e sociais (Community, urban, policy levels) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Musselwhite; Haddad, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Webber; Porter; Menec, 2010</xref>). Ainda, é salientada uma grande diversidade em termos dos contextos urbanos onde reside essa população, segundo a densidade, localização de serviços, segregação e pobreza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Esson <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; Munshi; Sankar; Kothari, 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Musselwhite; Attard, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Porter <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Whelan, 2006</xref>). A estrutura do sistema de mobilidade e oferta de transporte também pode afetar significativamente essas tendências, criando barreiras para o deslocamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aguiar; Macário, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Alsnih; Hensher, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cataldi, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Metz, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rantakokko <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Velho <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
         <p>Outro fator importante, ainda não tão abordado no debate acerca da mobilidade de idosos, diz respeito ao papel dos arranjos familiares na estruturação das práticas de mobilidade. Esse campo de estudos pode ser dissecado através de três eixos principais, que norteiam a relação entre a mobilidade de pessoas idosas e seus arranjos familiares. O primeiro aspecto refere-se à família como o motivo de deslocamento, representando o destino final de muitas viagens realizadas por esse grupo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Montoro-Gurich; Moreno-Tapia, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Villena-Sanchez; Boschmann; Avila-Forcada, 2022</xref>).</p>
         <p>O segundo eixo identificado abarca a compreensão das dinâmicas de cuidado, destacando o papel da mobilidade para o cuidado exercida por familiares, mas também o papel das pessoas idosas como cuidadoras de familiares. Nesse aspecto, é observável que o marcador de gênero opera de forma bastante proeminente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Madariaga, 2016</xref>). As tarefas de cuidado, em sua maioria, são executadas por mulheres pertencentes ao núcleo domiciliar do qual fazem parte. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom (2004)</xref> afirma que o papel dos filhos adultos, em especial das filhas e das noras, está em atender às necessidades dos familiares idosos, ao acompanhá-los ativamente nas atividades ou realizando parte dos deslocamentos essenciais, como ir à farmácia, à mercearia ou à padaria.</p>
         <p>Ao mesmo tempo, destaca-se igualmente, o papel das pessoas idosas enquanto cuidadoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Croucher <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Porter; Tewodros; Gorman, 2018</xref>). No mesmo sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan (2018)</xref> salienta como a cultura de Gana valoriza a importância em cuidar dos familiares, e como essas relações, que atravessam gerações, criam expectativas de apoio das mulheres. As responsabilidades de cuidados intergeracionais interferem diretamente na mobilidade das mulheres ganesas, uma vez que são consideradas cuidadoras primárias. A partir da literatura, portanto, fica claro que os marcadores sociais de gênero e a idade influenciam diretamente na mobilidade das pessoas idosas ao considerar o papel do cuidado nas estruturas familiares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Feng <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
         <p>Por fim, o terceiro eixo contempla as discussões sobre o impacto dos arranjos domiciliares nas decisões e nas necessidades de mobilidade das pessoas idosas. É possível verificar que a família é parte estruturante do modo como são realizadas as tomadas de decisão de deslocamento das pessoas idosas, bem como das necessidades de mobilidade e acessibilidade. A mobilidade dos familiares é modificada de várias formas, a depender do arranjo domiciliar e da cultura nos quais estão inseridos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Thaithatkul et al. (2022)</xref> expõem que na Tailândia, assim como no sudeste asiático em geral, é comum que pessoas idosas vivam em lares domiciliares multigeracionais, o que inflete a dependência desses idosos nos domiciliares mais jovens para exercerem sua mobilidade. Outros autores assinalam diferenças entre o Norte Global, onde as decisões das pessoas idosas tendem a ser mais individualistas, em oposição às sociedades asiáticas, mais orientadas pelos valores em torno da família e do cuidado das pessoas idosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chao; Huang, 2016</xref>).</p>
         <p>A partir da revisão da literatura, se torna possível compreender que as estruturas familiares possuem um impacto significativo nas oportunidades de viagem e nos meios disponíveis para realizá-las. Fatores como viver sozinho, morar com um cônjuge ou residir com membros mais jovens da família podem influenciar diretamente os comportamentos de viagem. Indivíduos que habitam sozinhos tendem a depender mais de serviços de transporte público ou modos ativos para atender às suas necessidades de locomoção. Por outro lado, aqueles que habitam com outros domiciliares podem ter acesso a mais recursos de mobilidade e apoio na organização de suas viagens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cerqueira; Motte-Baumvol, 2022</xref>). Além da influência nas escolhas modais, a presença de parentes próximos e o ambiente familiar também desempenham um papel fundamental na mobilidade e na qualidade de vida das pessoas idosas. A estrutura familiar pode influenciar, igualmente, os motivos de deslocamento. Pessoas idosas que vivem com outras gerações familiares realizam mais viagens relacionadas ao domicílio, como acompanhamento de crianças e compras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">Bertuzzi; Paskulin; Morais, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
         <p>Em conjunto, essas pesquisas expressam, em primeiro lugar, que a quantidade e a qualidade dessa participação não são resultado apenas das determinações individuais dos idosos devido ao processo de envelhecimento, mas do conjunto de relações em que estão inseridos. Os arranjos domiciliares e de vizinhança, os espaços nos quais se deslocam e as infraestruturas de mobilidade que empregam são elementos centrais que explicam as diversas práticas da população estudada. Esse grupo apresenta uma maior dependência dos arranjos locais dos serviços, das políticas públicas que orientam seu acesso e inclusão, e da qualidade dos serviços de transporte. Em segundo lugar, colocam em evidência suas demandas, ainda que pese a sua importância, são pouco visíveis tanto na pesquisa, como na esfera pública. As demandas das parcelas mais vulneráveis (i.e., pessoas idosas, com deficiência, crianças, mulheres), especialmente em situações de pobreza, continuam sendo marginais nas políticas de transporte, especialmente nos países do Sul Global (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Ardila Pinto; Villamizar-Duarte, 2018</xref>). Dar atenção a esses aspectos do deslocamento constitui, então, um imperativo para a pesquisa acadêmica. Em terceiro lugar, embora investigações conduzidas em outros países ilustrem que os atributos familiares possuam uma influência importante nas atividades diárias e no comportamento de viagem dos indivíduos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Zhao; Yuan, 2023</xref>), poucos estudos abordam a referida temática no contexto brasileiro, sobretudo no que diz respeito às pessoas idosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Barbosa, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Barreto, 2012</xref>).</p>
         <p>A presente pesquisa parte do suposto de que a família desempenha um papel central na estruturação das práticas de mobilidade e exerce funções de acoplamento ou coupling constraint. Esse conceito, definido por Hägerstrand, citado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Thrift (1977)</xref>, permite entender como as necessidades de se deslocar no espaço-tempo estão associadas à interação com outras pessoas na realização de determinadas tarefas. Estas incluem atividades diversas, entre as quais estão o suporte e assistência aos membros das famílias, sustento ou sociabilidade. Particularmente, as pessoas idosas podem cumprir funções de cuidadoras ou demandam o cuidado de outros membros, especialmente quando se trata das suas necessidades de mobilidade. Em geral demandam cuidado de outros membros da família, os quais fornecem transporte, auxílio físico e apoio emocional para garantir a participação ativa na comunidade e o acesso aos serviços essenciais. A estrutura domiciliar desempenha, então, um papel capital no que diz respeito à mobilidade. Sob essa ótica, esta investigação visa explorar a relação entre mobilidade das pessoas idosas e estrutura domiciliar na RMBH. Destaca-se, nesse sentido, a importância de se compreender as estratégias e atividades comportamentais das pessoas idosas em diferentes contextos domiciliares. Postula-se que a valorização desse debate, bem como a apresentação dessas informações, poderá contribuir na formulação de medidas e na criação de sistemas de mobilidade mais adequados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
         <title>Metodologia, recorte de estudo e base de dados</title>
         <p>A investigação foi realizada para a Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>), a partir da análise da base de dados extraída da Pesquisa de Origem Destino de 2012 (POD/2012) da RMBH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Minas Gerais, 2012</xref>). Trata-se de um levantamento periódico e amostral, produzido para Belo Horizonte e suas RM desde 1972. Sua última versão foi elaborada e disponibilizada pela Agência de Desenvolvimento da RMBH, órgão ligado ao Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, em 2012. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram coletados por meio da aplicação de questionários domiciliares, abrangendo os módulos de Pesquisa Domiciliar e de Indivíduos. Esses questionários registraram informações detalhadas sobre as viagens realizadas no dia anterior à pesquisa por todos os moradores das residências selecionadas de forma aleatória. As entrevistas foram conduzidas diretamente nos domicílios, permitindo a obtenção de dados completos sobre as práticas de deslocamento e características sociodemográficas dos indivíduos, além de informações gerais sobre o contexto domiciliar e o local de moradia.</p>
         <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
               <title>A Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf01.jpg"/>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elaboração própria</attrib>
         </fig>
         <p>A população considerada neste estudo corresponde às pessoas idosas de mais de 60 anos, idade estabelecida pela Legislação Federal Brasileira (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brasil, 2003</xref>), como critério para a definição da política pública, acesso a bens e serviços focalizados, tais como subsídios, aposentadorias, atendimento prioritário. A amostra utilizada na presente investigação representa um recorte dos respondentes idosos, correspondendo a um total de 514.723 indivíduos, dentre os 4.868.071 entrevistados na pesquisa, representando assim um total de 10,6% da amostra. Os grupos etários considerados para a pesquisa foram estabelecidos segundo estudos gerontológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Beard <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), que distinguem entre os idosos jovens (60 a 74 anos), os grupos médio (75 a 84 anos) e idosos mais velhos (85 anos e mais). O primeiro grupo geralmente mantém boa saúde e independência, com muitos ainda ativos no mercado de trabalho ou recém-aposentados. O grupo médio apresenta uma maior prevalência de doenças crônicas e limitações físicas. Por fim, os idosos mais velhos são os mais vulneráveis, frequentemente dependentes de cuidados de longo prazo devido à alta prevalência de condições crônicas e limitações funcionais. Em relação ao gênero, a pesquisa OD emprega a variável sexo, que apesar de ser limitada para entender a distribuição do gênero da população, é a única informação disponível.</p>
         <p>Considera-se, assim, que as práticas de mobilidade devem ser entendidas a partir de uma perspectiva relacional, que envolve principalmente o âmbito domiciliar. Assim, é adotada a hipótese de que as decisões sobre como, quando e quem se desloca estão associados (a) aos arranjos domiciliares nos quais os indivíduos participam; (b) aos diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida; (c) ao gênero; (d) aos contextos urbanos específicos.</p>
         <p>A inexistência de dados referentes à estrutura familiar na POD conduziu à utilização da Unidade Domiciliar Mínima (UDM), estabelecida por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Leiva (2012)</xref>. Trata-se da menor unidade desagregável de elementos domiciliares dentro do domicílio, devendo ela ser capaz de tomar decisões econômicas para ampliação dos benefícios. Nesse sentido, é estimado um tamanho ótimo para essa unidade, evitando uma subestimação no nível (UDM grande), ou uma superestimação (fissura do domicílio). Assim, foi desenvolvida uma tipologia de UDM para ser implementada na análise empírica sobre mobilidade urbana em relação ao ciclo de vida, com ênfase na população idosa da RMBH. Esta foi realizada a partir da correspondência entre os arranjos domiciliares, retirados da POD/2012.</p>
         <p>Ainda, a utilização da UDM neste estudo se destaca pelo fato de considerar a organização do domicílio a partir da situação do indivíduo de referência, podendo identificar se há diferenças na estrutura de mobilidade dada a posição do indivíduo na mesma unidade domiciliar. Mesmo ao examinar separadamente os arranjos de UDM, o foco permanece no indivíduo. Quando o objetivo é analisar o domicílio, a abordagem muda para a agregação de UDM. As classificações de UDMs definidas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Leiva (2012)</xref> são: UDM 1 (Sozinhos) considera todos aqueles que se identificam como uma única unidade domiciliar, mesmo quando dividindo a mesma habitação. A UDM 2 (Casal sem filho) é a unidade em que se observa, declaradamente, a presença de um responsável pelo domicílio e um cônjuge. A UDM 3 (Casal com filhos) assume a mesma estrutura da UDM 2, mas com a presença de membros declarados filhos. E, por fim, a UDM 4 (Monoparental) quando há somente a presença do responsável com filhos.</p>
         <p>Definidas as tipologias de UDM, inicialmente, foi realizada uma análise descritiva, com base nos dados e unidades apresentados, que nos permitiu identificar a relação entre as características individuais do grupo analisado e as respectivas UDMs. Posteriormente, foi realizado o cruzamento dessas informações com variáveis identificadas na POD/2012, sendo elas: (a) Posse de automóvel; (b) Taxa de viagens, calculada a partir da razão entre viagens realizadas e o número de indivíduos correspondentes. Essa variável foi calculada para cada uma das idades dos grupos de pessoas idosas identificadas no módulo de Indivíduos da POD/2012; (c) Modos agregados (Individual motorizado – carro e moto, Coletivo – ônibus e metrô, e não motorizado – a pé e bicicleta); e (d) Motivos de destino (Acompanhamento, Compras/Negócios; Lazer, Saúde e Trabalho/Estudos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
         <title>Resultados e Discussão</title>
         <p>A presente análise da relação entre práticas de mobilidade e estrutura domiciliar está estruturada em duas partes. Na primeira, um panorama da relação entre características individuais e estrutura domiciliar na RMBH é apresentado, a partir das UDMs. Na segunda, aponta-se a relação destas segundo as variáveis relativas ao comportamento de viagem, entre as quais se incluem posse de automóvel, taxa de viagem, modo e motivo.</p>
         <p>A análise descritiva dos dados da POD/2012 permitiu traçar um panorama da relação entre características individuais e estrutura domiciliar na RMBH. De forma agregada, foi identificado que cerca de 75% das pessoas idosas habitantes da RMBH se enquadram em uma estrutura domiciliar que apresenta, ao menos, um outro domiciliar (UDM1). Conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Tabela 1</xref>, aproximadamente 49% das famílias de pessoas idosas contam com a presença de um filho na estrutura domiciliar (UDM 3 e UDM 4). Todos esses dados evidenciam a importância da família para esse grupo populacional para as redes de cuidados.</p>
         <table-wrap id="t01">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
               <title>UDM das pessoas idosas na RMBH (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
               <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <th>Estrutura domiciliar</th>
                     <th>População Total (%)</th>
                     <th>Idosos (%)</th>
                  </tr>
               </thead>
               <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 1 – Sozinhos</td>
                     <td>9,0</td>
                     <td>24,5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 2 – Casal sem filhos</td>
                     <td>9,0</td>
                     <td>26,6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 3 – Casal com filhos</td>
                     <td>56.7</td>
                     <td>30,0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 4 – Monoparental</td>
                     <td>25,0</td>
                     <td>18,6</td>
                  </tr>
               </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
               <fn>
                  <p>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
               </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
         </table-wrap>
         <p>Por outro lado, aproximadamente, 25% das estruturas são classificadas como UDM1 – Sozinhos – uma proporção significativamente mais alta que a média geral da população. Quando relacionada essa porcentagem com a idade dos grupos de idosos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Tabela 2</xref>), verifica-se que as pessoas idosas que habitam sozinhas é mais expressiva entre aqueles de mais de 85 anos. Com o envelhecimento da população, muitos encontram-se na posição de serem os únicos membros sobreviventes de suas famílias, podendo acarretar estruturas domiciliares individuais. Por outro lado, os idosos mais jovens se inserem, notadamente, nas UDM 3 – Casal com filhos.</p>
         <table-wrap id="t02">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
               <title>UDM das pessoas idosas por faixa etária na RMBH (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
               <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <th>Estrutura domiciliar</th>
                     <th>Sozinhos (UDM1)</th>
                     <th>Casal sem filhos (UDM2)</th>
                     <th>Casal com filhos (UDM3)</th>
                     <th>Monoparental (UDM4)</th>
                  </tr>
               </thead>
               <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>De 60 a 74 anos</td>
                     <td>21,7</td>
                     <td>27,3</td>
                     <td>34,3</td>
                     <td>16,7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>De 75 a 84 anos</td>
                     <td>28,5</td>
                     <td>31,7</td>
                     <td>21,2</td>
                     <td>18,4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>85 anos e mais</td>
                     <td>43,0</td>
                     <td>24,0</td>
                     <td>13,4</td>
                     <td>19,2</td>
                  </tr>
               </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
               <fn>
                  <p>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
               </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
         </table-wrap>
         <p>A articulação entre número de veículos por domicílio e as UDMs demonstra uma forte motorização entre os casais, especialmente os casais com filhos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t03">Tabela 3</xref>). Por outro lado, destaca-se uma realidade contrastante para as pessoas idosas que vivem sozinhas ou em uma UDM Monoparental. Cerca de ¾ dos indivíduos que vivem sozinhos, e metade daqueles inseridos em uma estrutura domiciliar monoparental não possuem nenhum veículo em seus domicílios. Essa situação pode ser atribuída a diverso fatores, incluindo dificuldades de dirigir devido à idade avançada, aposentadoria e dependência de serviços de transporte público ou assistência de terceiros para deslocamentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Albert <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Gardezi <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>)</p>
         <table-wrap id="t03">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
               <title>UDM dos idosos RMBH e número de veículos por domicílio (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
               <thead>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <th>Estrutura domiciliar</th>
                     <th>Nenhum</th>
                     <th>Um</th>
                     <th>Dois ou mais</th>
                  </tr>
               </thead>
               <tbody>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 1 – Sozinhos</td>
                     <td>72,7</td>
                     <td>22,0</td>
                     <td>5,29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 2 – Casal sem filhos</td>
                     <td>47,0</td>
                     <td>40,7</td>
                     <td>12,3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 3 – Casal com filhos</td>
                     <td>28,2</td>
                     <td>37,8</td>
                     <td>34,0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr align="center">
                     <td>UDM 4 – Monoparental</td>
                     <td>48,2</td>
                     <td>34,8</td>
                     <td>17,1</td>
                  </tr>
               </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
               <fn>
                  <p>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
               </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
         </table-wrap>
         <p>O cálculo da taxa de viagens revela uma diminuição gradual na quantidade de deslocamentos por pessoa à medida que a idade aumenta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Tal achado corrobora investigações anteriores que apontam o declínio do número de viagens nos idosos mais velhos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freitas; Queiroz; Sousa, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). À medida que os indivíduos envelhecem, seus padrões de viagem mudam, resultando frequentemente em menos deslocamentos fora de casa. Outros estudos evidenciam essa mesma tendência e a atribuem a fatores como a incidência de deficiências, diminuição das capacidades físicas, participação nos mercados de trabalho, bem como à preferência crescente por permanecer em ambientes familiares (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aguiar; Macário, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Curl; Musselwhite, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Villena-Sanchez; Boschmann, 2022</xref>; Avila-Forcada, 2022).</p>
         <p>A investigação por sexo, apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>, indica duas principais dinâmicas no comportamento de viagens. A primeira está relacionada com as mulheres idosas, para as quais as taxas de viagem apresentam uma significativa segmentação entre aquelas que moram sozinhas (UDM1), e aquelas que pertencem a um grupo domiciliar, independente do arranjo (UDM 2, 3 e 4). Enquanto para os homens idosos, essa diferenciação ocorre entre os arranjos sem ou com filhos (UDM 1 e 2 versus UDM 3 e 4, respectivamente).</p>
         <p>De uma maneira específica, essa análise por sexo ilustra que as mulheres idosas que vivem sozinhas (UDM 1) apresentam taxas de viagem médias superiores às de outras UDMs. Já os homens idosos apresentam uma média maior de deslocamentos, quando inseridos na UDM 3 (Casal sem filhos). Estudos indicam que as mulheres idosas que moram sozinhas tendem a ser mais autônomas e a realizar mais viagens para manter sua rede de sociabilidade e acessar serviços essenciais. Isso reflete um comportamento mais ativo para combater o isolamento social (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Schwanen; Ziegler, 2011</xref>). Ainda, os homens idosos que vivem com seus cônjuges, mas sem filhos, frequentemente aproveitam a flexibilidade desse arranjo para realizar mais atividades externas e manter uma vida ativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Mitra; Yao; Ritchie, 2021</xref>).</p>
         <p>Em relação aos modos de transporte, os indivíduos que moram sozinhos tendem a se deslocar por meios não motorizados de transporte, sobretudo as mulheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Por outro lado, as pessoas idosas inseridas em uma UDM de Casal com filhos são os que mais se deslocam por modos individuais motorizados, com uma alta predominância de idosos do sexo masculino. As diferenças entre gêneros são um fenômeno recorrente em diferentes âmbitos espaciais, dado que as mulheres tendem a usar mais transporte público e a caminhar mais, em comparação aos homens, que geralmente utilizam mais o automóvel privado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Albert <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Musselwhite; Haddad, 2017</xref>). Com efeito, observa-se que, em todas as UDM (exceto em Casal sem filhos), o transporte coletivo é utilizado principalmente pelas mulheres.</p>
         <p>Por fim, a análise dos motivos de deslocamento revela que as viagens para compras e negócios particulares (como banco, loteria <italic>etc</italic>.) representam uma porcentagem expressiva das viagens dos idosos em todas as estruturas domiciliares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref>). A literatura aponta que pessoas idosas frequentemente limitam suas viagens a deslocamentos essenciais, como consultas médicas, compras de supermercado ou visitas a familiares e amigos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cerqueira, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). Em UDMs com filhos, as mulheres idosas realizam mais deslocamentos para Compras/Negócios, reforçando a noção já previamente discutida de uma mobilidade socialmente construída das mulheres, que acarreta a realização de mais deslocamentos relacionados à provisão, organização doméstica e ao cuidado do que os homens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Croucher <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cerqueira; Motte-Bauvmol, 2022</xref>).</p>
         <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
               <title>Taxa de viagens dos idosos na RMBH por UDM e sexo (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf02.jpg"/>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</attrib>
         </fig>
         <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
               <title>Relação entre UDM das pessoas idosas, sexo e modos de transporte na RMBH (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf03.jpg"/>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</attrib>
         </fig>
         <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
               <title>Relação entre UDM das pessoas idosas, sexo e motivos de viagem na RMBH (2012).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf04.jpg"/>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</attrib>
         </fig>
         <p>Por outro lado, verifica-se que os homens possuem mais deslocamentos para Trabalho/Estudo, sobretudo aqueles inseridos na UDM Casal com filhos. As análises elencadas anteriormente ilustraram que as pessoas idosas inseridas nesse tipo de UDM se enquadram frequentemente em faixas etárias mais jovens, o que poderia explicar uma taxa mais expressiva de atividade profissional. Esse cenário é atribuído, igualmente, a diferenças de gênero no mercado de trabalho e na cultura do trabalho, onde homens, historicamente, mantêm uma maior presença na força de trabalho até idades mais avançadas.</p>
         <p> Os deslocamentos para Acompanhamento representam quase 10% das viagens nas estruturas domiciliares com filhos. Embora a função tenha sido documentada na literatura como relacionada à população feminina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>), observa-se uma predominância dos deslocamentos masculinos para acompanhamento em UDMs em que há a presença de filhos (UDM 3 e UDM 4), cenário que parece estar associado à maior motorização dos homens na RMBH, especialmente nos lares com filhos. Esse contexto reforça o papel dos idosos não só como objetos de cuidado, mas também como cuidadores, configurando dinâmicas de relação bidirecionais com os membros da família (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Porter <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Zhou; Yuan; Yang, 2020</xref>).</p>
         <p>Os resultados elencados trazem contribuições relevantes acerca da relação entre a estrutura domiciliar das pessoas idosas e suas viagens cotidianas, revelando a importância da compreensão das dinâmicas de mobilidade além da perspectiva individual. Ao analisar as diferentes UDMs, assim como a idade e o sexo, evidencia-se diferenças significativas nos padrões de viagem. Em consequência, a família constitui uma importante restrição ao influenciar significativamente nos motivos de deslocamento em relação à definição das tarefas e demandas de movimento. Essa também tem um papel central no acesso aos recursos de mobilidade, especialmente ao uso de modos privados de transporte, ou à capacidade de realizar tarefas de acompanhamento. Em relação ao tempo de deslocamento, foram identificadas diferenças relevantes entre as pessoas idosas em diferentes arranjos domiciliares, nem em relação ao sexo e faixa etária, por isso não foi considerando neste estudo. Entende-se que esse indicador pode ser influenciado por outras limitações associadas às condições ambientais, à estrutura urbana e à organização do sistema de mobilidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
         <title>Considerações Finais</title>
         <p>A presente investigação visou debater a articulação entre estrutura domiciliar e mobilidade das pessoas idosas na RMBH, com o destaque para o fato de que a forma como as pessoas vivem e interagem com suas estruturas domiciliares têm um impacto significativo em seus deslocamentos e na escolha dos meios disponíveis para realizá-los. A análise das viagens realizadas pelos idosos, através de estatísticas descritivas, corrobora essas premissas. Destaca-se, no entanto, que os arranjos das estruturas domiciliares não são homogêneos, mas sim mediado por outras dimensões, tais como o gênero e a idade. Os resultados do trabalho contribuem de forma significativa, pelo menos em dois eixos específicos: na identificação dos arranjos domiciliares na RMBH e na compreensão das funções de acoplamento das famílias segundo gênero e idade.</p>
         <p>A família representa uma condição relevante na tomada de decisões sobre a distribuição dos recursos e a organização das atividades de mobilidade na RMBH. Esse aspecto confirma-se com o resultado encontrado de que 75% dos domicílios são compostos por estruturas com dois ou mais indivíduos. Também se identifica que pelo menos 50% dos domicílios têm presença de filhos, seja em casal ou em unidades monoparentais. Essa configuração certamente contribui com o aumento das demandas por movimento das pessoas idosas. Essas, por sua vez, podem influenciar na qualidade de vida dessas pessoas, uma vez que aumentam a oportunidade de envelhecer ativamente. O isolamento e a solidão constituem uma tendência crescente em diversos países, especialmente no norte global e têm efeitos significativos na mortalidade e na morbilidade das pessoas idosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Fakoya; McCorry; Donnelly, 2020</xref>).</p>
         <p>Em relação às práticas de deslocamento, observa-se que o arranjo domiciliar possui um peso relevante no acoplamento das decisões de viagem. Uma análise minuciosa da relação entre práticas de mobilidade e estrutura domiciliar evidencia uma redução gradual na frequência de deslocamentos conforme a idade avança, independentemente do gênero. Ainda, em relação aos modos de viagem, e corroborando grande parte da literatura acadêmica, verifica-se que indivíduos que vivem sozinhos ou em estruturas monoparentais têm maior probabilidade de utilizar meios não motorizados ou os coletivos. Por outro lado, em estruturas em que há a presença de filhos, a utilização do modo individual motorizado é mais recorrente.</p>
         <p>Além disso, a estrutura domiciliar influencia na frequência de viagens realizadas quando considerado o gênero dos indivíduos. Foi observado que mulheres, quando inseridas em arranjos com, pelo menos, mais um indivíduo (Casal sem ou com filhos e monoparental), tendem a reduzir o número de deslocamentos realizados. Por outro lado, os homens inseridos em contextos domiciliares com filho (Casal com filho ou monoparental), tendem a aumentar esse número. Outro aspecto relevante identificado neste trabalho foi que, embora a realização de atividades de cuidado tenha sido documentada na literatura como relacionada à população feminina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>), esta pesquisa verifica a predominância dos deslocamentos masculinos com motivo Acompanhamento (associado às atividades de cuidado). Esse cenário pode estar relacionado com o nível de motorização dos homens idosos na RMBH, especialmente nos lares com filhos (Casal com filhos e monoparental). De fato, muitos avós assumem o papel de cuidadores para seus filhos e netos, desempenhando um papel vital na estabilidade emocional e no desenvolvimento dos mais jovens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Pickering <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
         <p>O arranjo domiciliar e o gênero também foram relevantes quando considerada a escolha modal e o motivo de viagem. De forma geral, os deslocamentos relacionados às compras e aos assuntos pessoais representam uma parcela considerável das viagens do grupo estudado. Em relação às mulheres, o uso de transporte coletivo é mais expressivo em comparação aos homens em todas as UDM, exceto em Casal sem filhos. Em relação aos motivos desse gênero, verifica-se Lazer e Saúde como os predominantes. Já os homens, no que tange aos motivos, Trabalho/Estudos é identificado como o mais relevante, principalmente na UDM Casal com filhos.</p>
         <p>A RMBH caracteriza-se pela alta motorização das viagens, inclusive das pessoas idosas. Essa característica difere de outras realidades metropolitanas, nas quais as pessoas idosas tendem a aumentar significativamente os deslocamentos por transporte coletivo e mobilidade ativa. O número de veículos é especialmente alto na UDM Casal com filho, enquanto os que moram sozinhos ou em uma estrutura domiciliar monoparental, há a prevalência de domicílios sem automóveis. Não possuir automóvel em uma cidade monocêntrica e com uma oferta de transporte público bastante reduzida, especialmente nos municípios localizados mais distantes da cidade núcleo de Belo Horizonte, pode representar dificuldades de acesso às oportunidades urbanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Lessa, 2019</xref>).</p>
         <p>É fundamental salientar que a ausência de dados mais recentes acerca da mobilidade na RMBH afigura-se como uma das principais limitações deste estudo, restringindo a capacidade de identificação de padrões no contexto atual. Com o envelhecimento gradual da população no Brasil, é possível inferir que transformações expressivas tanto na estrutura domiciliar, quanto nas tendências de mobilidade, podem ter sido observadas nos últimos dez anos na RMBH. Ademais, a fim de se compreender a mobilidade relacional e a mobilidade para o cuidado, seria fundamental a disponibilidade ou a coleta de dados mais detalhados no que diz respeito aos deslocamentos das pessoas idosas e à dinâmica entre os membros de uma estrutura domiciliar no que tange, por exemplo, às viagens por motivo Acompanhamento.</p>
         <p>A partir dessas conclusões, sugere-se que, apesar dos avanços nas políticas associadas aos programas de Cidades Amigas das Pessoas Idosas, futuras pesquisas e políticas públicas considerem as especificidades dos arranjos domiciliares e o problema do envelhecimento. É necessário avançar na compreensão do peso das atividades de cuidado, bem como na provisão das demandas de transporte público e de espaços públicos adequados. Tais avanços podem contribuir para a garantia da autonomia e da segurança das pessoas mais velhas, especialmente das mulheres e de grupos com maior vulnerabilidade, seja socioeconômica, física e/ou cognitiva.</p>
      </sec>
   </body>
   <back>
      <fn-group>
         <fn fn-type="other">
            <p><bold>Como citar este artigo/<italic>How to cite this article</italic>:</bold> Cerqueira, E. D. V. et al. Mobilidade de idosos e estrutura familiar. <italic>Oculum Ensaios</italic>, v. 22, e2512799, 2025. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799">https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799</ext-link></p>
         </fn>
         <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
            <label>Apoio</label>
            <p>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG (Processo APQ-01359-22); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), através do Edital de Demanda Universal (Processo 409726/2022-2); do programa IEAT/UFMG; e da bolsa de produtividade (Processo 312623/2023-2).</p>
         </fn>
      </fn-group>
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               <article-title>Transport for the elderly: activity patterns, mode choices, and spatiotemporal constraints</article-title>
               <source>Sustainability</source>
               <volume>12</volume>
               <issue>23</issue>
               <fpage>10024</fpage>
               <lpage>10024</lpage>
               <year>2020</year>
            </element-citation>
         </ref>
      </ref-list>
   </back>
   <sub-article article-type="translation" xml:lang="en" id="S1">
      <front-stub>
         <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799en</article-id>
         <article-categories>
            <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
               <subject>DOSSIER | AGEING, TERRITORY, AND ENVIRONMENT</subject>
            </subj-group>
         </article-categories>
         <title-group>
            <article-title>Elderly Mobility and Family Structure</article-title>
         </title-group>
         <contrib-group>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0306-4766</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Cerqueira</surname>
                  <given-names>Eugênia Dória Viana</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Data curation</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervision</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing – draft</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Review &amp; editing</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05">1</xref>
               <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c02"/>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2066-0738</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Pinto</surname>
                  <given-names>Ana Marcela Ardila</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/formal-analysis">Formal analysis</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
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               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing – draft</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-review-editing">Review &amp; editing</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/funding-acquisition">Funding acquisition</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06">2</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4856-5671</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Lessa</surname>
                  <given-names>Daniela Antunes</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/data-curation">Data curation</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/methodology">Methodology</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/supervision">Supervision</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/validation">Validation</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07">3</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7240-322X</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Carreira</surname>
                  <given-names>Ana Clara</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing – draft</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04">4</xref>
            </contrib>
            <contrib contrib-type="author">
               <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2500-8585</contrib-id>
               <name>
                  <surname>Borges</surname>
                  <given-names>Júlia Ribeiro</given-names>
               </name>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/conceptualization">Conceptualization</role>
               <role content-type="http://credit.niso.org/contributor-roles/writing-original-draft">Writing – draft</role>
               <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08">4</xref>
            </contrib>
         </contrib-group>
         <aff id="aff05">
            <label>1</label>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Centro de Estudos Urbanos. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff06">
            <label>2</label>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia, Centro de Estudos Urbanos. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff07">
            <label>3</label>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Escola de Minas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geotecnia e Transportes. Ouro Preto; Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <aff id="aff08">
            <label>4</label>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, CEURB. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.</institution>
         </aff>
         <author-notes>
            <corresp id="c02">E-mail: <email>eugeniadoria@gmail.com</email>
            </corresp>
            <fn fn-type="edited-by">
               <label>Editors</label>
               <p>Patrícia Samora and Alejandro Pérez</p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="conflict">
               <label>Conflict of interest</label>
               <p>The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.</p>
            </fn>
         </author-notes>
         <abstract>
            <title>Abstract</title>
            <p>The present study highlights the main findings of an investigation aimed at analyzing the mobility of the elderly population in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte and its relationship with existing family structures. Descriptive statistical methodology using data from the Origin and Destination Survey (2012) led to the identification of significant relationships between family structure, socioeconomic characteristics and travel patterns of elderly individuals. We illustrate that elderly individuals in couple family structures tend to travel by individual motorized means, while those living alone or in single-parent structures primarily travel on foot or by public transport. Additionally, a relationship between family structure, age, and reasons for travel can be observed. In this regard, the findings support the need for a more comprehensive analysis of travel-behavior within the studied population.</p>
         </abstract>
         <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
            <title>Keywords</title>
            <kwd>Aging</kwd>
            <kwd>Mobility practices</kwd>
            <kwd>Family</kwd>
            <kwd>Older adults</kwd>
         </kwd-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
         <sec sec-type="intro">
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <p>A notable trend in Brazilian demographic studies is the continuous aging of the population over the last decades. According to the<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"> Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2023)</xref>, any individual aged 60 years or older is classified within this category. In the 2000s, this group corresponded to 5.6% of the population, a proportion that increased to 10.7% in 2010 and 19.5% in 2022. This increase generates significant challenges in terms of the demands for goods, services, and infrastructure. Urban mobility, in particular, constitutes one of the most relevant policy sectors, considering its role in guaranteeing access to opportunities for participation in urban life. Faced with this scenario, it becomes urgent to discuss and understand how the aging process articulates with the demand for mobility services and which factors influence the configuration of the travel behaviors of this population group.</p>
            <p>A significant portion of the research dedicated to older adults population highlights aspects that affect their level of movement, such as the incidence of physical and mental disabilities; sociodemographic and economic dimensions; and location within the city (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">Banister; Bowling, 2004</xref>). However, the recognition of relational aspects of mobility, related to the role of different agents in structuring travel decisions, is increasingly gaining importance in academic literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Thrift, 1977</xref>).</p>
            <p>The present work seeks to analyze travel patterns based on indicators of travel rates, reasons, and modes, according to different household units of elderly individuals in the Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH, Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte). In recent decades, the RMBH has been characterized by a significant increase in the aging process, above the national average. In Brazil, it is estimated that by 2030 and 2040, elderly individuals will represent approximately 18.7% and 23.5%, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 2018</xref>); while in the RMBH, projections indicate a growth in the elderly population to 22.6% and 30.8% in 2030 and 2040, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Fundação João Pinheiro, 2018</xref>). Furthermore, the spatial structure of the capital of Minas Gerais is considered, characterized by a strongly monocentric structure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cardoso, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cerqueira, 2018</xref>), and by the presence of mobility inequalities resulting from the inadequate supply of public transportation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Lessa, 2019</xref>). The high rate of private motorization in comparison with other Brazilian metropolitan regions is noteworthy. According to the historical series provided by the Institute for Transportation &amp; Development Policy Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">ITDP Brasil, 2022</xref>), this region presented the largest percentage increase in the last two decades, in relation to other Metropolitan Regions (MR): from 207 vehicles/1000 inhabitants in 2001, it rose to 735 vehicles/1000 inhabitants in 2022, representing an increase of 2.5% in this rate.</p>
            <p>Thus, this study intends to investigate the mobility practices of the elderly population in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, using a methodology of descriptive statistical analysis combined with a relational perspective, which reveals the significant heterogeneity in travel behaviors. The diversity of observed practices is related to multiple dimensions, such as life cycle (age), gender, participation in specific household arrangements, and characteristics of the urban context. Based on data from the 2012 Origin and Destination Survey (ODS), the most recent survey available (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Minas Gerais, 2012</xref>), the study seeks to expand the understanding of mobility practices beyond the individualized view, highlighting the role of family structures and their influence on the movements of the elderly. These household arrangements present a plural character, reflecting not only the definition and internal dynamics of families but also the urban spaces in which these interactions develop.</p>
            <p>This study seeks to contribute significantly to the discussion of central issues in public policies aimed at guaranteeing the rights of elderly individuals, by emphasizing the role of families as essential agents of protection, the importance of mobility for quality of life, and the need for accessibility policies. These aspects are currently integrated into the policy formulation process in the RMBH, which aims to promote accessibility and strengthen protection for older adults.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec>
            <title>Bibliographic review</title>
            <p>Studies on the mobility of the elderly population have gained relevance among authors concerned with urban travel dynamics. Their importance stems from the deepening of a social phenomenon that increasingly affects various societies. The aging process is associated not only with demographic weight but also with the growing visibility of older people in public policies and the public sphere across different geographical contexts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom, 2004</xref>). The expansion of this process has created a need to develop analytical models that allow us to identify the role of age and its particularities in travel behavior.</p>
            <p>Academic research has highlighted several variables that affect the travel behaviors of this group. First and foremost, health conditions are the most significant factor in this field of study. The prevalence of chronic diseases and impairments and disabilities is linked to increased immobility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Curl; Musselwhite, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Metz, 2012</xref>), a reduction in the number of trips, and the undertaking of shorter journeys (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Barreto, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freitas; Queiroz; Sousa, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gomes; Pamplona, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Hogan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Other studies emphasize the importance of mobility for improving quality of life, autonomy, and enhancing social ties and political participation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Green; Jones; Roberts, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Levasseur <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
            <p>Regarding transportation modes, public transportation is particularly emphasized (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ryan; Wretstrand; Schmidt, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Szeto <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), especially when access is facilitated by fare exemption policies or made necessary by poverty and vulnerability among older adults (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Böcker; Van amen; Helbich, 2017</xref>). Car access may be high, particularly in Global North countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Minton; Clark, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom, 2004</xref>), unless restricted by disability or legal barriers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Whelan, 2006</xref>). Gender also plays a role: women tend to use public transport and walk more, whereas men are more likely to use private cars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Szeto <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). These general trends are nuanced when considering other variables, revealing great heterogeneity in travel practices, especially when individual, psychosocial, and social aspects are considered (Community, urban, and policy levels) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Musselwhite; Haddad, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Webber; Porter; Menec, 2010</xref>). Furthermore, there’s a wide diversity in the urban contexts where older adults live, in terms of density, service location, segregation, and poverty (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Esson <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Munshi; Sankar; Kothari, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Musselwhite; Attard, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Porter <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Whelan, 2006</xref>). The mobility system structure and transport supply can also significantly impact these trends, creating barriers to movement (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aguiar; Macário, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">Alsnih; Hensher, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cataldi, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Metz, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rantakokko <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Velho <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>The role of family arrangements in shaping the mobility practices of older adults remains an important, yet underexplored, factor in the mobility debate. This research field can be divided into three main axes that guide the relationship between elderly mobility and family structures. The first axis refers to family as the reason for travel, being the final destination of many trips taken by this group (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Montoro-Gurich; Moreno-Tapia, 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Villena-Sanchez; Boschmann; Avila-Forcada, 2022</xref>).</p>
            <p>The second axis involves the comprehension of caregiving dynamics, highlighting both the role of mobility in enabling care by family members and the role of elderly people as caregivers for family members. Here, gender plays a particularly significant role (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Madariaga, 2016</xref>). Most caregiving tasks are carried out by women who are part of the household. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rosenbloom (2004)</xref>, adult children, particularly daughters and daughters-in-law, often meet the needs of elderly family members by actively accompanying them on activities or performing essential errands like trips to the pharmacy, grocery store, or bakery.</p>
            <p>At the same time, the role of older people as caregivers is also highlighted (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Croucher <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Porter; Tewodros; Gorman, 2018</xref>). In the same sense, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan (2018)</xref> highlights how Ghanaian culture values the importance of caring for family members, and how these relationships, which span generations, create expectations of support from women. Intergenerational care responsibilities directly interfere with the mobility of Ghanaian women, since they are considered primary caregivers. The literature makes clear that social markers, such as gender and age, directly influence the mobility of older adults when considering caregiving roles within family structures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Feng <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
            <p>Finally, the third axis addresses the impact of household arrangements on the mobility decisions and needs of elderly individuals. It is possible to verify that the family is a structuring part of the way in which decisions are made regarding the movement of older people, as well as their mobility and accessibility needs. Family members’ mobility is shaped in various ways, depending on household composition and cultural context in which they are inserted. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Thaithatkul et al. (2022)</xref> show that in Thailand—and Southeast Asia in general—it is common for older adults to live in multigenerational households, making them more dependent on younger relatives for mobility. Other authors note differences between the Global North, where older adults’ decisions tend to be more individualistic, and Asian societies, which emphasize family values and care for the elderly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Chao; Huang, 2016</xref>).</p>
            <p>From the literature review, it becomes possible to understand that family structures have a significant impact on travel opportunities and the means available to carry them out. Factors such as living alone, cohabiting with a spouse, or living with younger family members can directly influence travel behavior. Individuals who live alone tend to rely more on public transportation services or active modes to meet their mobility needs. On the other hand, those who live with other household members may have access to more mobility resources and support in organizing their trips (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cerqueira; Motte-Baumvol, 2022</xref>). In addition to influencing modal choices, the presence of close relatives and the family environment also play a fundamental role in the mobility and quality of life of older adults. Family structure can also influence the reasons for travel. Older adults who live with other family generations make more home-related trips, such as accompanying children and shopping (Bertuzzi; Paskulin; Morais, 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Dong <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
            <p>Altogether, these studies show, firstly, that both the quantity and quality of elderly participation are not only the result of individual aging processes but also of the web of social relations they are part of. The living and neighborhood arrangements, the spaces in which they move, and the mobility infrastructures they use are central elements that explain the diverse practices of the population studied. This population group tends to be more dependent on local service arrangements, public policies that facilitate access and inclusion, and the quality of transport services. Secondly, they highlight their demands, although despite their importance, they are barely visible either in research or in the public sphere. The demands of the most vulnerable (i.e., older adults, people with disabilities, children, women), especially in situations of poverty, continue to be overlooked in transport policies, particularly in Global South countries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">Ardila Pinto; Villamizar-Duarte, 2018</xref>). Addressing these aspects of mobility is thus imperative for academic research. Thirdly, although research conducted in other countries illustrates that family attributes have an important influence on individuals’ daily activities and travel behavior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Zhao; Yuan, 2023</xref>), few studies address this topic in the Brazilian context, especially regarding elderly people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">Barbosa, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">Barreto, 2012</xref>).</p>
            <p>This study starts with the assumption that family plays a central role in structuring mobility practices and operates as a coupling constraint. This concept, defined by Hägerstrand and cited by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Thrift (1977)</xref>, helps to understand how space-time mobility needs are intertwined with interpersonal interactions in the performance of certain tasks. These tasks encompass a range of activities, including providing support and assistance to family members, ensuring livelihood, or engaging in social interactions. Older adults in particular may serve as caregivers or require care from other family members, especially when it comes to their mobility needs. In general, they rely on other family members for transportation, physical assistance, and emotional support to ensure active community participation and access to essential services. Household structure, therefore, plays a critical role in mobility. From this perspective, this research seeks to explore the relationship between elderly mobility and household structure in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte. In this sense, the importance of understanding the behavioral strategies and activities of elderly people in different home contexts is highlighted. It is postulated that the appreciation of this debate, as well as the presentation of this information, could contribute to the formulation of measures and the creation of more appropriate mobility systems.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec sec-type="methods">
            <title>Methodology, Study Scope, and Database</title>
            <p>The research was conducted in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 1</xref>), based on the analysis of data extracted from the 2012 Origin and Destination survey (ODS) of the MRBH (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Minas Gerais, 2012</xref>). This is a periodic and sample-based survey carried out in Belo Horizonte and its metropolitan region since 1972. The latest version was developed and made available in 2012 by the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte Development Agency, a body linked to the Government of the State of Minas Gerais. The data used in this study were collected through household questionnaires, comprising Household and Individual modules. These questionnaires recorded information provided about trips made the day before the survey by all residents of randomly selected households. The surveys were conducted in person, enabling the collection of comprehensive data on mobility practices, sociodemographic characteristics of individuals, as well as general information on the household context and place of residence.</p>
            <fig id="f05">
               <label>Figure 1</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte</title>
               </caption>
               <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf01-en.jpg"/>
               <attrib>Source: Prepared by the author</attrib>
            </fig>
            <p>The population considered in this study corresponds to elderly individuals aged 60 years or older, the age established by Brazilian Federal Legislation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Brasil, 2003</xref>) as the criterion for defining public policy and access to targeted goods and services, such as subsidies, pensions, and priority care. The sample used in this investigation represents a subset of elderly respondents, totaling 514,723 individuals out of the 4,868,071 interviewed in the survey, thus representing 10.6% of the sample. The age groups considered for the research were established according to gerontological studies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">Beard <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), which distinguish between the young-old (60 to 74 years), the middle-old (75 to 84 years), and the oldest-old (85 years and older). The first group generally maintains good health and independence, with many still active in the labor market or recently retired. The middle-old group presents a higher prevalence of chronic diseases and physical limitations. Finally, the oldest-old are the most vulnerable, frequently dependent on long-term care because of the high prevalence of chronic conditions and functional limitations. Regarding gender, the ODS employs the sex variable, which, although limited for understanding the gender distribution of the population, is the only information available.</p>
            <p>Thus, it is considered that mobility practices should be understood from a relational perspective, primarily involving the household sphere. Therefore, the hypothesis is adopted that decisions about how, when, and who travels are associated with (a) the household arrangements in which individuals participate; (b) the different stages of the life cycle; (c) gender; and (d) specific urban contexts.</p>
            <p>The absence of data regarding family structure in the ODS led to the use of the Minimum Household Unit (MHU), established by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Leiva (2012)</xref>. This is the smallest disaggregable unit of household elements within the dwelling, capable of making economic decisions to expand benefits. In this sense, an optimal size for this unit was estimated, avoiding underestimation at the level (large MHU) or overestimation (fragmentation of the household). Thus, a typology of MHU was developed to be implemented in the empirical analysis of urban mobility in relation to the life cycle, with an emphasis on the elderly population of the MRBH. This was carried out based on the correspondence between household arrangements extracted from the 2012 ODS.</p>
            <p>Furthermore, the use of the MHU in this study is notable for considering the organization of the household based on the perspective of the reference individual, allowing for the identification of differences in the mobility structure given the individual’s position within the same household unit. Even when examining MHU arrangements separately, the focus remains on the individual. When the objective shifts to the household level, the approach then aggregates MHUs accordingly. The classifications of MHUs defined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Leiva (2012)</xref> are: MHU 1 (Living alone) considers all those who identify as a single household unit, even when sharing the same dwelling. MHU 2 (Couple without children) is the unit in which the declared presence of a head of household and a spouse is observed. MHU 3 (Couple with children) assumes the same structure as MHU 2 with the addition of members identified as children. And finally, MHU 4 (Single-parent) when there is only the presence of the head of household with children.</p>
            <p>Once the MHU typologies were defined, an initial descriptive analysis was carried out, based on the data and units presented, which allowed us to identify the relationship between the individual characteristics of the analyzed group and the respective MHUs. Subsequently, this information was cross-referenced with variables identified in the ODS/2012, namely: (a) Car ownership; (b) Trip rate, calculated from the ratio between trips made and the number of corresponding individuals. This variable was calculated for each of the ages of the elderly groups identified in the Individuals module of the ODS/2012; (c) Aggregated modes (Individual motorized – car and motorcycle, Collective – bus and subway, and non-motorized – on foot and bicycle); and (d) Reasons for destination (Accompaniment, Shopping/Errands; Leisure, Health and Work/Study).</p>
         </sec>
         <sec sec-type="results|discussion">
            <title>Results and Discussion</title>
            <p>This analysis of the relationship between mobility practices and household structure is organized into two parts. The first part presents an overview of the relationship between individual characteristics and household structure in the MRBH, based on Household Units (MHUs). The second part examines these relationships according to variables related to travel behavior, including car ownership, trip rate, mode, and reason.</p>
            <p>The descriptive analysis of the 2012 Origin and Destination Survey data allowed for outlining an overview of the relationship between individual characteristics and household structure in the MRBH. In aggregate terms, it was identified that approximately 75% of elderly residents in the MRBH are part of a household structure that includes at least one other resident (MHU 1). As presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t04">Table 1</xref>, roughly 49% of elderly individuals’ households include the presence of a child in the household structure (MHU 3 and MHU 4). All of these data highlight the importance of family for this population group within care networks.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t04">
               <label>Table 1</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>MHU of elderly individuals in the MRBH (2012).</title>
               </caption>
               <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                  <thead>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <th>Household structure</th>
                        <th>Total population (%)</th>
                        <th>Elderly (%)</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 1 – Living alone</td>
                        <td>9.0</td>
                        <td>24.5</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 2 – Couple without children</td>
                        <td>9.0</td>
                        <td>26.6</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 3 – Couple with children</td>
                        <td>56.7</td>
                        <td>30.0</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 4 – Single-parent</td>
                        <td>25.0</td>
                        <td>18.6</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn>
                     <p>Source: Prepared by the author, based on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
                  </fn>
               </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>On the other hand, approximately 25% of structures are classified as MHU 1 – Living alone – a significantly higher proportion than the general population average. When this percentage is related to the age of the elderly groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t05">Table 2</xref>), it is observed that elderly individuals living alone are more prevalent among those over 85 years old. With the aging of the population, many find themselves as the sole surviving members of their families, potentially leading to single-person households. Conversely, younger elderly individuals are notably situated in MHU 3 – Couple with Children.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t05">
               <label>Table 2</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>MHU of elderly people by age group in the MRBH (2012).</title>
               </caption>
               <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                  <thead>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <th>Household structure</th>
                        <th>Living alone<break/>(MHU 1)</th>
                        <th>Couple without children (MHU 2)</th>
                        <th>Couple with children (MHU 3)</th>
                        <th>Single-parent<break/>(MHU 4)</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>From 60 to 74 years</td>
                        <td>21.7</td>
                        <td>27.3</td>
                        <td>34.3</td>
                        <td>16.7</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>From 75 to 84 years</td>
                        <td>28.5</td>
                        <td>31.7</td>
                        <td>21.2</td>
                        <td>18.4</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>85 years and over</td>
                        <td>43.0</td>
                        <td>24.0</td>
                        <td>13.4</td>
                        <td>19.2</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn>
                     <p>Source: Prepared by the author, based on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
                  </fn>
               </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The articulation between the number of vehicles per household and the MHUs demonstrates strong motorization among couples, especially couples with children (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t06">Table 3</xref>). Conversely, a contrasting reality is evident for elderly individuals living alone or in a single-parent MHU. Approximately three-quarters of individuals living alone, and half of those in a single-parent household structure, do not own any vehicles in their households. This situation can be attributed to various factors, including difficulties driving due to advanced age, retirement, and dependence on public transportation services or third-party assistance for travel (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Albert <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Gardezi <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t06">
               <label>Table 3</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>MHU of elderly MRBH and number of vehicles per household (2012).</title>
               </caption>
               <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                  <thead>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <th>Household structure</th>
                        <th>None</th>
                        <th>One</th>
                        <th>Two or more</th>
                     </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 1 – Living alone</td>
                        <td>72.7</td>
                        <td>22.0</td>
                        <td>5.29</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 2 – Couple without children</td>
                        <td>47.0</td>
                        <td>40.7</td>
                        <td>12.3</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 3 – Couple with children</td>
                        <td>28.2</td>
                        <td>37.8</td>
                        <td>34.0</td>
                     </tr>
                     <tr align="center">
                        <td>MHU 4 – Single-parent</td>
                        <td>48.2</td>
                        <td>34.8</td>
                        <td>17.1</td>
                     </tr>
                  </tbody>
               </table>
               <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn>
                     <p>Source: Prepared by the author, based on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</p>
                  </fn>
               </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
            <p>The calculation of the trip rate reveals a gradual decrease in the number of trips per person as age increases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 3</xref>). This finding corroborates previous investigations that indicate a decline in the number of trips among elderly individuals in the oldest-old age range (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Freitas; Queiroz; Sousa, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). As individuals age, their travel patterns change, frequently resulting in fewer out-of-home trips. Other studies indicate this same trend and attribute it to factors such as the incidence of disabilities, decreased physical capacities, participation in labor markets, as well as an increasing preference for remaining in familiar environments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">Aguiar; Macário, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Curl; Musselwhite, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Villena-Sanchez; Boschmann; Avila-Forcada, 2022</xref>).</p>
            <p>The investigation by sex, presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 2</xref>, indicates two main dynamics in travel behavior. The first is related to elderly women, for whom trip rates show a significant segmentation between those living alone (MHU 1) and those belonging to a household group, regardless of the arrangement (MHU 2, 3, and 4). While for elderly men, this differentiation occurs between arrangements without or with children (MHU 1 and 2 versus MHU 3 and 4, respectively).</p>
            <fig id="f06">
               <label>Figura 2</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>Taxa de viagens dos idosos na RMBH por UDM e sexo (2012).</title>
               </caption>
               <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf02-en.jpg"/>
               <attrib>Fonte: Elaboração própria, baseado em<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref></attrib>
            </fig>
            <fig id="f07">
               <label>Figure 3</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>Relationship between MHU of elderly people, sex and modes of transport in MRBH (2012)</title>
               </caption>
               <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf03-en.jpg"/>
               <attrib>Source: Prepared by the author, based on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</attrib>
            </fig>
            <p>Specifically, this analysis by sex illustrates that elderly women living alone (MHU 1) exhibit higher average trip rates than those in other MHUs. Elderly men, on the other hand, show a higher average number of trips when part of MHU 3 (Couple without children). Studies indicate that elderly women living alone tend to be more autonomous and make more trips to maintain their social networks and access essential services. This reflects a more active behavior to combat social isolation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Schwanen; Ziegler, 2011</xref>). Furthermore, elderly men living with their spouses but without children often take advantage of the flexibility of this arrangement to engage in more outdoor activities and maintain an active life (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Mitra; Yao; Ritchie, 2021</xref>).</p>
            <p>Regarding modes of transportation, individuals living alone tend to travel by non-motorized modes of transportation, especially women (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 3</xref>). Conversely, elderly individuals in a Couple with children MHU are the most likely to travel by motorized individual modes, with a high prevalence of elderly men. Gender differences are a recurring phenomenon in different spatial contexts, given that women tend to use public transportation more and walk more, compared to men, who generally use private cars more (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">Albert <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Musselwhite; Haddad, 2017</xref>). Indeed, it is observed that, in all MHUs (except Couple without children), public transportation is mainly used by women.</p>
            <p>Finally, the analysis of travel reasons reveals that trips for shopping and personal errands (such as banking, lottery, <italic>etc</italic>.) represent a significant percentage of elderly individuals’ trips across all household structures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 4</xref>). The literature suggests that elderly individuals often limit their travel to essential trips, such as medical appointments, grocery shopping, or visits to family and friends (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cerqueira, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maresova <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). In MHUs with children, elderly women make more trips for Shopping/Errands, reinforcing the previously discussed notion of a socially constructed mobility of women, which entails more trips related to provision, domestic organization, and caregiving than men (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Croucher <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cerqueira; Motte-Bauvmol, 2022</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f08">
               <label>Figure 4</label>
               <caption>
                  <title>Relationship between MHU of elderly people, sex and travel reasons in MRBH (2012).</title>
               </caption>
               <graphic xlink:href="2318-0919-oa-22-e2512799-gf04-en.jpg"/>
               <attrib>Source: Prepared by the author, based on<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"> Minas Gerais (2012)</xref>.</attrib>
            </fig>
            <p>On the other hand, it is observed that men make more trips for Work/Study, especially those in the Couple with Children MHUs. The analyzes listed above illustrate that elderly individuals in this type of MHU frequently fall into younger age groups, which could explain a higher rate of professional activity. This scenario is also attributed to gender differences in the labor market and work culture, where men historically maintain a greater presence in the workforce until more advanced ages.</p>
            <p>Trips for Accompaniment represent almost 10% of trips in household structures with children. Although this function has been documented in the literature as related to the female population (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>), a predominance of men’s trips for accompaniment is observed in MHUs where children are present (MHU 3 and MHU 4), a scenario that appears to be associated with the greater motorization of men in the MRBH, especially in households with children. This context reinforces the role of older adults not only as recipients of care but also as caregivers, configuring bidirectional relationship dynamics with family members (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Porter <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; Zhou; Yuan; Yang, 2020).</p>
            <p>The listed results provide relevant contributions regarding the relationship between the household structure of elderly individuals and their daily travel, revealing the importance of understanding mobility dynamics beyond an individual perspective. By analyzing the different MHUs, as well as age and sex, significant differences in travel patterns are evident. Consequently, the family constitutes an important constraint by significantly influencing the reasons for travel in relation to the definition of tasks and movement demands. It also plays a central role in access to mobility resources, especially the use of private modes of transportation, or the ability to perform accompanying tasks. Regarding travel time, relevant differences were not identified between elderly individuals in different household arrangements, nor in relation to sex and age group, which is why it was not considered in this study. It is understood that this indicator may be influenced by other limitations associated with environmental conditions, urban structure, and the organization of the mobility system.</p>
         </sec>
         <sec sec-type="conclusions">
            <title>Final Considerations</title>
            <p>This investigation aimed to discuss the articulation between household structure and the mobility of elderly individuals in the MRBH, highlighting the fact that how people live and interact within their household structures has a significant impact on their travel patterns and choice of transportation modes. The analysis of trips made by the elderly, through descriptive statistics, corroborates these premises. It is noteworthy, however, that household structure arrangements are not homogeneous but are mediated by other dimensions, such as gender and age. The findings of this work contribute significantly, at least in two specific axes: the identification of household arrangements in the MRBH and the understanding of the coupling functions of families according to gender and age.</p>
            <p>The family represents a relevant condition in decision-making regarding the distribution of resources and the organization of mobility activities in the MRBH. This aspect is confirmed by the finding that 75% of households are composed of structures with two or more individuals. It is also identified that at least 50% of households include children, whether in couples or single-parent units. This configuration certainly contributes to the increased demands for movement among elderly individuals. These demands, in turn, can influence the quality of life of these individuals, as they increase the opportunity for active aging. Isolation and loneliness constitute a growing trend in various countries, especially in the Global North, and have significant effects on the mortality and morbidity of elderly individuals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Fakoya; McCorry; Donnelly, 2020</xref>).</p>
            <p>Regarding travel practices, it is observed that household arrangement has a significant influence on travel decisions. A detailed analysis of the relationship between mobility practices and household structure reveals a gradual reduction in the frequency of trips as age advances, regardless of gender. Furthermore, regarding travel modes, and corroborating much of the academic literature, it is verified that individuals living alone or in single-parent structures are more likely to use non-motorized or public modes of transport. On the other hand, in structures where children are present, the use of the motorized individual mode is more recurrent.</p>
            <p>In addition, household structure influences the frequency of trips made when considering the gender of individuals. It was observed that women, when inserted into arrangements with at least one other individual (couples without or with children, and single-parent households), tend to reduce the number of trips made. Conversely, men inserted into household contexts with children (couples with children or single-parent households) tend to increase this number. Another noteworthy finding is that although care-related activities have been widely associated with women in the literature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Hanrahan, 2018</xref>), this research verifies the predominance of male trips with the reason of accompaniment (associated with care activities). This scenario may be related to the level of motorization of elderly men in the MRBH, especially in households with children (couples with children and single-parent households). Indeed, many grandparents assume the role of caregivers for their children and grandchildren, playing a vital role in the emotional stability and development of the younger ones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Pickering <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
            <p>Household arrangement and gender were also relevant when considering modal choice and travel reasons. In general, trips related to shopping and personal errands represent a considerable portion of the travel patterns of the studied group. Regarding women, the use of public transportation is more significant compared to men in all MHUs, except in couples without children. Regarding the reasons for their trips, Leisure and Health are identified as the predominant ones. As for men, concerning the reasons, Work/Study is identified as the most relevant, especially in the Couple with children MHUs.</p>
            <p>The MRBH is characterized by the high motorization of trips, including those made by elderly individuals. This characteristic differs from other metropolitan realities, in which elderly individuals tend to significantly increase their trips by public transportation and active mobility. The number of vehicles is particularly high in the Couple with children MHUs, while in those living alone or in a single-parent household structure, the prevalence of households without cars is observed. Not owning a car in a monocentric city with a quite reduced public transportation supply, especially in the municipalities located further from the core city of Belo Horizonte, can pose serious challenges to accessing urban opportunities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Lessa, 2019</xref>).</p>
            <p>It is fundamental to emphasize that the absence of more recent data on mobility in the MRBH constitutes one of the main limitations of this study, restricting the capacity to identify patterns in the current context. With the gradual aging of the population in Brazil, it is possible to infer that significant transformations in both household structure and mobility trends may have been observed in the last ten years in the MRBH. Furthermore, in order to understand relational mobility and mobility for care, the availability or collection of more detailed data regarding the trips of elderly individuals and the dynamics between members of a household structure would be essential, for example, regarding trips for the reason of accompaniment.</p>
            <p>Based on these conclusions, it is suggested that, despite the progress in policies associated with the Age-friendly cities programs, future research and public policies consider the specificities of household arrangements and the issue of aging. There is a pressing need to further investigate the burden of caregiving activities, as well as the provision of demands for public transportation and adequate public spaces. Such advances can contribute to guaranteeing the autonomy and safety of older people, especially women and groups with greater vulnerability, whether socioeconomic, physical, and/or cognitive.</p>
         </sec>
      </body>
      <back>
         <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="other">
               <p><bold>How to cite this article/<italic>Como citar este artigo</italic>:</bold> Cerqueira, E. D. V. et al. Elderly Mobility and Family Structure. <italic>Oculum Ensaios</italic>, v. 22, e2512799, 2025. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799en">https://doi.org/10.24220/2318-0919v22e2025a12799en</ext-link></p>
            </fn>
            <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
               <label>Funding</label>
               <p><italic>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais</italic> (FAPEMIG, Research Support Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais) (Process APQ-01359-22); <italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic> (CNPq, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), through the Universal Demand Notice (Process 409726/2022-2); the <italic>Instituto de Estudos Avançados Transdisciplinares</italic> (IEAT, Institute of Advanced Transdisciplinary Studies) from the <italic>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic> (UFMG, Federal University of Minas Gerais); and the productivity grant (Process 312623/2023-2).</p>
            </fn>
         </fn-group>
      </back>
   </sub-article>
</article>
