Depressão e priming de palavras positivas, neutras e negativas
Palavras-chave:
Autocongruência, Depressão, Humor, Processos cognitivosResumo
O objetivo foi explorar a associação entre o nível de depressão numa amostra não-clínica e o desempenho em tarefas de memória implícita (priming). Participaram 120 estudantes universitários com idades entre 18 e 27 anos, distribuídos aleatoriamente por duas condições a que correspondiam diferentes tarefas de aprendizagem e uma tarefa de completamento de troncos de palavras. A variável independente foi o nível de depressão (Inventário de Avaliação Clínica da Depressão). Os estímulos usados foram palavras positivas, neutras e negativas. Os resultados mostram uma relação entre maior nível de sintomas cognitivos de depressão e menor completamento de palavras, e sugerem o processamento preferencial de estímulos emocionais congruentes com o nível de depressão e a ativação secundária de estímulos emocionais pelos de valência oposta.
Downloads
Referências
Abboud, H., & Sugar, D. (1990). Superlab Pro (Version 2.0). Phoenix: Cedrus Corporation.
Banich, M. T., Mackiewicz, K. L., Depue, B. E., Whitmer, A. J., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2009). Cognitive control mechanisms, emotion and memory: A neural perspective with implications for psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(5), 613-630.
Barry, E. S., Naus, M. J., & Rehm, L. P. (2004). Depression and implicit memory: Understanding mood congruent memory bias. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(3), 387-414.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive model of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 2-27.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, G. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.
Blaney, P. H. (1986). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99(2), 229-246.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.
Bower, G. H. (1987). Commentary on mood and memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25(6), 443-455.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Williams, R. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(7), 755-770.
Burt, D. B., Zembar, M. J., & Niederehe, G. (1995). Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern and specifity. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 285-305.
Canli, T., Sivers, H., Thomason, M. E., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2004). Brain activation to emotional words in depressed vs. healthy subjects. Neuroreport: For rapid communication of Neuroscience Research, 15(17), 2585-2588.
Christensen, H., Griffiths, K., & Mackinnon, A. (1997). A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3(6), 631-651.
Corson, Y. (2002). Variations émotionnelles et mémoire: Principaux modèles explicatifs. L’Année Psychologique, 102(1), 109-149.
Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268-294.
Danion, J. M., Kauffmann-Muller, F., Grangé, D., Zimmermann, M. A., & Greth, P. (1995). Affective valence of words, explicit and implicit memory in clinical depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 34(3), 227-234.
Denny, E. B., & Hunt, R. R. (1992). Affective valence and memory in depression: Dissociation of recall and fragment completion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 575-580.
Elliott, C. L., & Greene, R. L. (1992). Clinical depression and implicit memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 572-574.
Ellis, H. C., & Moore, B. A. (1999). Mood and memory. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp.193-210). Chichester: Wiley
Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 229-238.
Fernández-Rey, J., & Madrid, H. M. (2002). Sesgos de memoria implícita para información emocional en depressión subclínica. Psicothema, 14(4), 795-801.
Gaspar, N. S. (2009). Avaliação da valência e familiaridade de 270 nomes comuns e adjectivos da língua portuguesa. Laboratório de Psicologia, 7(1), 3-19.
Gotlib, I. H., & Neubauer, D. L. (2000). Information processing approaches to the study of cognitive biases in depression. In S. L. Johnson, A. Hayes, T. M. Field, N. Schneiderman, & P. McCabe (Eds.), Stress, coping, and depression: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual stress and coping conference (pp.117-143). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Graf, P., & Mandler, G. (1984). Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(5), 553-568.
Graf, P., & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal in amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(3), 501-518.
Hermans, D., Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1994). The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion, 8(6), 515-533.
Hertel, P. T, & Hardin, T. S. (1990). Remembering with and without awareness in a depressed mood: Evidence of deficits in initiative. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119(1), 45-59.
Ilardi, S. S., & Feldman, D. (2001). The cognitive neuroscience paradigm: A unifying meta-theoretical framework for the science and practice of clinical psychology. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(9), 1067-1088.
Jacoby, L. L., & Dallas, M. (1981). On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 110(3), 306-340.
Klauer, K. C., & Musch, J. (2003). Affective priming: Findings and theories. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp.7-35). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lang, A. J., & Craske, M. G. (1997). Information processing in anxiety and depression. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35(5), 451-455.
Matt, G. E., Vazquez, C., & Campbell, W. K. (1992). Mood-congruent recall of affectively toned stimuli: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 12(2), 227-255.
McClintock, S. M., Husain, M. M., Greer, T. L., & Cullum, C. M. (2010). Association between depression severity and neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder: A review and synthesis. Neuropsychology, 24(1), 9-34.
Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 263-286.
Pessoa, L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (2004). Neuroimaging studies of attention and the processing of emotionladen stimuli. Progress in Brain Research, 144, 171-182.
Richardson-Klavehn, A., & Bjork, R. A. (1988). Measures of memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 475-543.
Rinck, M., & Becker, E. (2005). A comparison of attentional biases and memory biases in women with social phobia and major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 62-74.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1992). Depression and implicit memory: A commentary. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 587-591.
Roediger, H. L., Srinivas, K., & Weldon, M. S. (1989). Dissociations between implicit measures of retention. In S. Lewandowsky, J. C. Dunn, & K. Kirsner (Eds.), Implicit memory: Theoretical issues (pp.67-84). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rothermund, K. (2003). Motivation and attention: Incongruent effects of feedback on the processing of valence. Emotion, 3(3), 223-238.
Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 13, 501-518.
Small, S. A., & Robins, C. J. (1988). The influence of induced depressed mood on visual recognition thresholds: Predictive ambiguity of associative network models of mood and cognition. Cognitive Research and Therapy, 12(3), 295-304.
Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brebion, G., Travis, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004). Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression. Neuropsychology, 18(2), 212-218.
Vaz-Serra, A. (1994). Inventário de avaliação clínica da depressão. Coimbra: Edição Psiquiatria Clínica.
Watkins, P. C. (2002). Implicit memory bias in depression. Cognition and Emotion, 16(3), 381-402.
Watkins, P. C., Mathews, A., Williamson, D. A., & Fuller, R. D. (1992). Mood-congruent memory in depression: Emotional priming or elaboration? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(3), 581-586.
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. (2001). Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of selffocus and analytic thinking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(2), 353-357
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. New York: Wiley.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Rui Manuel de Almeida POÍNHOS, Nuno Miguel Soares GASPAR
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
