Investigação do viés atencional na ansiedade por meio da exposição a expressões faciais
um estudo de rastreamento ocular
Resumo
Objetivo
O presente estudo investigou vieses atencionais na ansiedade utilizando expressões faciais e medidas de rastreamento ocular. Método
Participaram 76 participantes, com idades entre 18 e 36 anos, divididos em função dos níveis de ansiedade traço: Baixa, Moderada e Alta. Os estímulos foram expressões faciais e as medidas de interesse foram a Probabilidade de Primeira Fixação e a Proporção do Tempo de Fixação.
Resultados
Os resultados evidenciaram vieses de vigilância para expressões de nojo, independentemente do nível de ansiedade, e vieses de manutenção para expressões de alegria, independentemente do tempo de apresentação dos estímulos, no grupo Baixa Ansiedade Traço, quando comparado com o grupo Alta Ansiedade Traço.
Conclusão
Tais resultados suscitam questões relacionadas à importância do uso de estímulos positivos no tratamento da ansiedade e à necessidade de especificar os tipos, níveis e características dos estímulos utilizados nas pesquisas
Downloads
Referências
Abend, R., de Voogd, L., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W., Pérez- Edgar, K., Fitzgerald, A., White, L. K., Salum, G. A., He, J., Silverman, W. K., Pettit, J. W., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2018). Association between attention bias to threat and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. Depression and Anxiety, 35(3), 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22706
Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Reviews, 32(8), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004
Bardeen, J. R., & Daniel, T. A. (2018). Anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias to threat interact to prospectively predict anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 47(6), 482-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.20 18.1466911
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., & Pollak, S. D. (2019). Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 20(1), 1-68. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1529100619832930
Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2005). Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930441000157
Chau, S. W., Tse, C. Y., So, S. H., & Chan, S. S. (2019). Attentional bias modification training for patients with generalised anxiety disorder: A randomised controlled study. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry 29(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.12809/eaap1759
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn755
Dong, Y., Beuckelaer, A., Yu, L., & Zhou, R. (2017). Eye-movement evidence of the time-course of attentional bias for threatening pictures in test-anxious students. Cognition and Emotion, 31(4), 781-790. https:// doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1152953
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6(3/4), 169-200. https://doi. org/10.1080/02699939208411068
Fernandes, C., Silva, S., Pires, J., Reis, A., Ros, A. J., Janeiro, L., Faísca, L., & Martins, A. T. (2018). Eye-tracking evidence of a maintenance bias in social anxiety. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46(1), 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465817000418
Fu, X., & Pérez-Edgar, K. (2019). Threat-related attention bias in socioemotional development: A critical review and methodological considerations. Developmental Review, 51, 31-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. dr.2018.11.002
Goeleven, E., De Raedt, R., Leyman, L., & Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska directed emotional faces: A validation study. Cognition and Emotion, 22(6), 1094-1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701626582
Gupta, R. S., Kujawa, A., & Vago, D. R. (2019). The neural chronometry of threat-related attentional bias: Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for early and late stages of selective attentional processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 146, 20-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.006
Holas, P., Krejtz, I., Cypryanska, M., & Nezlek, J. B. (2014). Orienting and maintenance of attention to threatening facial expressions in anxiety: An eye movement study. Psychiatry Research, 220(1-2), 362-369. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.005
Jones, E. B., & Sharpe, L. (2017). Cognitive bias modification: A review of meta-analyses. Journal of Affective Disorders, 223, 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.034
Klein, A. M., Voogd, L., Wiers, R. W., & Salemink, E. (2018). Biases in attention and interpretation in adolescents with varying levels of anxiety and depression. Cognition and Emotion, 32(7), 1478-1486. https://doi. org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1304359
Lazarov, A., Abend, R., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016). Social anxiety is related to increased dwell time on socially threatening faces. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 282-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.007
Lee, C., & Fernandes, M. A. (2018). Emotional encoding context leads to memory bias in individuals with high anxiety. Brain Sciences, 8(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8010006
Liang, C. W., Tsai, J. L., & Hsu, W. Y. (2017). Sustained visual attention for competing emotional stimuli in social anxiety: An eye tracking study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.009
Lisk, S., Vaswani, A., Linetzky, M., Bar-Haim, Y., & Lau, J. Y. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis: Eye-tracking of attention to threat in child and adolescent anxiety. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.006
Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t27732-000
McNally, R. (2018). Attentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity. Clinical Psychology Reviews, 69, 4-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.005
Mogg, K., & Brendan, B. P. (2016). Anxiety and attention to threat: Cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 76-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. brat.2016.08.001
Nelson, A. L., Purdon, C., Quigley, L., Carriere, J., & Smilek, D. (2015). Distinguishing the roles of trait and state anxiety on the nature of anxiety-related attentional biases to threat using a free viewing eye movement paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 29(3), 504-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2 014.922460
Posner, M. I. (2016). Orienting of attention: Then and now. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69(10), 1864-1875. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.937446
Quigley, L., Nelson, A. L., Carriere, J., Smilek, D., & Purdon, C. (2012). The effects of trait and state anxiety on attention to emotional images: An eye-tracking study. Cognition and Emotion, 26(8), 1390-1411. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.662892
Sales, H. F. S., Silva, G. M., Silva, J. B. S., Rodrigues, S. J., Fernandes, T. M. P., Andrade, M. J. O., & Santos, N. A. (2020). Normative data of a faces set from Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces in a Brazilian sample. Psico, 51(3), e34083. https://doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2020.3.34083
Schofield, C. A., Weeks, J. W., Taylor, L., & Karnedy, C. (2015). Skidmore Clips of Neutral and Expressive Scenarios (SCENES): Novel dynamic stimuli for social cognition research. Psychiatry Research, 230(3), 853-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.048
Shechner, T., Jarcho, J. M., Britton, J. C., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2013). Attention bias of anxious youth during extended exposure of emotional face pairs: An eye-tracking study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(14), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21986
Shechner, T., Jarcho, J. M., Wong, S., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S., & Nelson, E. E. (2017). Threats, rewards, and attention deployment in anxious youth and adults: An eye tracking study. Biological Psychology, 122, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.004
Spielberger, C. D., Biaggio, A., & Natalício, L. F. (1979). Inventário de ansiedade traço estado: manual de psicologia aplicada. CEPA.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Wei, M., Roodenrys, S., & Miller, L. (2020). Attentional bias for threat and anxiety: The role of loneliness. Psychiatry, 83(3), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2020.1762400
Zhang, F., Zhang, X., Mao, X., Chen, A., Yin, Q., & Deng, G. (2020). Interpretation bias of high trait anxiety Chinese military servicemen in ambiguous military scenarios. Medicine, 99(3), e18746. https://doi. org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018746
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Hemerson Fillipy Silva Sales, Thiago Augusto de Souza Bonifácio, Lívia Henrique Leite, Stephanye Jullyane Rodrigues, Gabriella Medeiros Silva, Michael Jackson Oliveira de Andrade, Natanael Antonio dos Santos
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.